Overview Intro to Computer Architecture 30 minutes CS152 Computer Architecture and Engineering Lecture 1 Introduction and Five Components of a Computer Administrative Matters 5 minutes Course Style Philosophy and Structure 15 min Break 5 min Organization and Anatomy of a Computer 25 min January 21 2004 John Kubiatowicz www cs berkeley edu kubitron lecture slides http inst eecs berkeley edu cs152 1 21 04 UCB Spring 2004 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 2 Instruction Set Architecture subset of Computer Arch What is Computer Architecture the attributes of a computing system as seen by the programmer i e the conceptual structure and functional behavior as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic design and the physical implementation Amdahl Blaaw and Brooks 1964 Computer Architecture Instruction Set Architecture Machine Organization Organization of Programmable Storage SOFTWARE Data Types Data Structures Encodings Representations Instruction Set Instruction Formats Modes of Addressing and Accessing Data Items and Instructions Exceptional Conditions 1 21 04 UCB Spring 2004 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 3 1 21 04 UCB Spring 2004 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 4 Computer Architecture s Changing Definition The Instruction Set a Critical Interface 1950s to 1960s Computer Architecture Course Computer Arithmetic 1970s to mid 1980s Computer Architecture Course Instruction Set Design especially ISA appropriate for compilers software instruction set 1990s Computer Architecture Course Design of CPU memory system I O system Multiprocessors Networks hardware 2010s Computer Architecture Course Self adapting systems Self organizing structures DNA Systems Quantum Computing 1 21 04 UCB Spring 2004 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 5 1 21 04 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 6 UCB Spring 2004 Example ISAs Instruction Set Architectures MIPS R3000 Instruction Set Architecture Summary Digital Alpha v1 v3 1992 97 Instruction Categories HP PA RISC v1 1 v2 0 1986 96 Sun Sparc v8 v9 1987 95 SGI MIPS MIPS I II III IV V 1986 96 Intel 8086 80286 80386 80486 Pentium MMX 1978 96 Registers Load Store Computational Jump and Branch Floating Point coprocessor Memory Management Special R0 R31 PC HI LO 3 Instruction Formats all 32 bits wide OP rs rt OP rs rt OP 1 21 04 UCB Spring 2004 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 7 1 21 04 rd sa funct immediate jump target UCBfamiliar Spring 2004 Q How many already with MIPS ISA CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 8 The Big Picture Organization Capabilities Performance Characteristics of Principal Functional Units Logic Designer s View e g Registers ALU Shifters Logic Units Since 1946 all computers have had 5 components ISA Level Processor FUs Interconnect Input Ways in which these components are interconnected Control Information flows between components Memory Logic and means by which such information flow is controlled Datapath Output Choreography of FUs to realize the ISA Register Transfer Level RTL Description 1 21 04 UCB Spring 2004 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 9 Sample Organization It s all about communication 1 21 04 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 10 UCB Spring 2004 What is Computer Architecture Application Pentium III Chipset Operating System Proc Compiler Caches Firmware Busses Instr Set Proc I O system adapters Instruction Set Architecture Datapath Control Memory Digital Design Circuit Design Controllers Layout I O Devices Disks Displays Keyboards Coordination of many levels of abstraction Networks Under a rapidly changing set of forces All have interfaces organizations Design Measurement and Evaluation Um It s the network stupid 1 21 04 UCB Spring 2004 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 11 1 21 04 UCB Spring 2004 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 12 Forces on Computer Architecture Technology DRAM chip capacity Microprocessor Logic Density DRAM Programming Languages Applications Computer Architecture Cleverness Year Size 1980 64 Kb 1983 256 Kb 1986 1 Mb 1989 4 Mb 1992 16 Mb 1996 64 Mb 1999 256 Mb 10000000 R10000 P entium R4400 i80486 1000000 Transistors Technology 100000000 uP Name i80386 i80286 100000 R3010 S U MIP S i8086 i80x86 M68K 10000 MIP S Alpha 2002 Operating Systems UCB Spring 2004 1000 1965 1 Gb 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 In 1985 the single chip processor 32 bit and the single board computer emerged History 1 21 04 i4004 workstations personal computers multiprocessors have been riding this wave since CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 13 In the 2002 timeframe these may well look like mainframes compared single chip computer CS152 Kubiatowicz 1 21 04 maybe 2 chips UCB Spring 2004 Lec1 14 Performance Trends Technology dramatic change Processor Log of Performance logic capacity about 30 per year clock rate about 20 per year Memory DRAM capacity about 60 per year 4x every 3 years Memory speed about 10 per year Cost per bit improves about 25 per year Disk capacity about 60 per year Total use of data 100 per 9 months Supercomputers Mainframes Minicomputers Microprocessors Network Bandwidth Year Bandwidth increasing more than 100 per year 1 21 04 UCB Spring 2004 1970 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 15 1 21 04 1975 1980 1985 UCB Spring 2004 1990 1995 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 16 Processor Performance SPEC Applications and Languages performance now improves 60 per year 2x every 1 5 years 300 CAD CAM CAE Lotus DOS 250 RISC 200 Multimedia The Web 150 Intel x86 RISC introduction 100 JAVA The Net ubiquitous computing 50 35 yr 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 0 Year Did RISC win the technology battle and lose the market war CS152 Kubiatowicz 1 21 04 UCB Spring 2004 Lec1 17 Measurement and Evaluation Design 1 21 04 UCB Spring 2004 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 18 Why do Computer Architecture Architecture is an iterative process searching the space of possible designs at all levels of computer systems CHANGE It s exciting Analysis It has never been more exciting Creativity It impacts every other aspect of electrical engineering and computer science Cost Performance Analysis Good Ideas Bad Ideas 1 21 04 Mediocre Ideas UCB Spring 2004 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 19 1 21 04 UCB Spring 2004 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 20 Computers in the news Tunneling Magnetic Junction Computers in the News New IBM Transistor Announced 12 10 02 6nm gate length Details Still to be announced 1 21 04 UCB Spring 2004 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 21 1 21 04 Where are we going Computers in the News Sony Playstation 2000 CS152 Kubiatowicz Lec1 22 UCB Spring 2004 Input Multiplier Input Multiplicand 32 Multiplicand Register LoadMp 32 34 signEx 1 1 32 34 34 32 34 signEx 0
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