CS152 Computer Architecture and Engineering Lecture 1 Introduction and Five Components of a ComputerOverviewWhat is “Computer Architecture”Instruction Set Architecture (subset of Computer Arch.)The Instruction Set: a Critical InterfaceExample ISAs (Instruction Set Architectures)MIPS R3000 Instruction Set Architecture (Summary)OrganizationExample OrganizationWhat is “Computer Architecture”?Forces on Computer ArchitectureTechnologyTechnology => dramatic changePerformance TrendsProcessor Performance (SPEC)Applications and LanguagesMeasurement and EvaluationWhy do Computer Architecture?CS152: Course ContentCS152: So what's in it for me?Conceptual tool box?Course StructureTypical Lecture FormatCourse AdministrationCourse ExamsCourse WorkloadHomework Assignments and ProjectMy GoalProject/Lab SummaryGradingCourse ProblemsClass decides on penalties for cheating; staff enforcesProject Simulates Industrial EnvironmentThings We Hope You Will Learn from 152What you should know from 61C, 150Getting into CS 152Levels of Representation (61C Review)Levels of OrganizationExecution CycleThe SPARCstation 20The Underlying InterconnectProcessor and CachesMemoryInput and Output (I/O) DevicesStandard I/O DevicesHigh Speed I/O DevicesSlow Speed I/O DevicesSummarySummary: Computer System Components1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.1CS152Computer Architecture and EngineeringLecture 1Introduction and Five Components of a ComputerJanuary 20, 1999John Kubiatowicz (www.cs.berkeley.edu/~kubitron)lecture slides: http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs152/1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.2Overview°Intro to Computer Architecture (30 minutes)°Administrative Matters (5 minutes)°Course Style, Philosophy and Structure (15 min)°Break (5 min)°Organization and Anatomy of a Computer (25) min)1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.3What is “Computer Architecture”Computer Architecture = Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.4Instruction Set Architecture (subset of Computer Arch.)... the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer, i.e. the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic design, and the physical implementation. – Amdahl, Blaaw, and Brooks, 1964SOFTWARESOFTWARE-- Organization of Programmable Storage-- Data Types & Data Structures: Encodings & Representations-- Instruction Set -- Instruction Formats-- Modes of Addressing and Accessing Data Items and Instructions-- Exceptional Conditions1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.5The Instruction Set: a Critical Interfaceinstruction setsoftwarehardware1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.6Example ISAs (Instruction Set Architectures)°Digital Alpha (v1, v3) 1992-97°HP PA-RISC (v1.1, v2.0) 1986-96°Sun Sparc (v8, v9) 1987-95°SGI MIPS (MIPS I, II, III, IV, V) 1986-96°Intel (8086,80286,80386, 1978-96 80486,Pentium, MMX, ...)1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.7MIPS R3000 Instruction Set Architecture (Summary)°Instruction Categories•Load/Store•Computational•Jump and Branch•Floating Point-coprocessor•Memory Management•SpecialR0 - R31PCHILOOPOPOPrsrtrd sa functrsrtimmediatejump target3 Instruction Formats: all 32 bits wideRegistersQ: How many already familiar with MIPS ISA?1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.8OrganizationLogic Designer's ViewISA LevelFUs & Interconnect°Capabilities & Performance Characteristics of Principal Functional Units•(e.g., Registers, ALU, Shifters, Logic Units, ...)°Ways in which these components are interconnected°Information flows between components°Logic and means by which such information flow is controlled.°Choreography of FUs to realize the ISA°Register Transfer Level (RTL) Description1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.9Example Organization°TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20Floating-point UnitInteger UnitInstCacheRefMMUDataCacheStoreBufferBus InterfaceSuperSPARCL2$CCMBus ModuleMBusL64852MBus controlM-S AdapterSBusDRAM ControllerSBusDMASCSIEthernetSTDIOserialkbdmouseaudioRTCBoot PROMFloppySBusCards1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.10What is “Computer Architecture”?I/O systemInstr. Set Proc.CompilerOperatingSystemApplicationDigital DesignCircuit DesignInstruction Set ArchitectureFirmware°Coordination of many levels of abstraction°Under a rapidly changing set of forces°Design, Measurement, and EvaluationDatapath & Control Layout1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.11Forces on Computer ArchitectureComputerArchitectureTechnologyProgrammingLanguagesOperatingSystemsHistoryApplicationsCleverness1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.12Technology°In ~1985 the single-chip processor (32-bit) and the single-board computer emerged•=> workstations, personal computers, multiprocessors have been riding this wave since°In the 2002+ timeframe, these may well look like mainframes compared single-chip computer (maybe 2 chips) DRAMYear Size1980 64 Kb1983 256 Kb1986 1 Mb1989 4 Mb1992 16 Mb1996 64 Mb1999 256 Mb2002 1 Gbi80286i80486Pentiumi80386i8086i4004R10000R4400R3010SU MIPS1000100001000001000000100000001000000001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Transistorsi80x86M68KMIP SAlphaMicroprocessor Logic DensityDRAM chip capacity1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.13Technology => dramatic change°Processor•logic capacity: about 30% per year•clock rate: about 20% per year°Memory•DRAM capacity: about 60% per year (4x every 3 years)•Memory speed: about 10% per year•Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year°Disk•capacity: about 60% per year1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.14Performance TrendsMicroprocessorsMinicomputersMainframesSupercomputers1995Year19901970 1975 1980 1985Log of Performance1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.15Processor Performance (SPEC)YearPerformance05010015020025030019821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995RISCIntel x8635%/yrRISCintroductionDid RISC win the technology battle and lose the market war?performance now improves 50% per year (2x every 1.5 years)1/20/99 ©UCB Spring 1999CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.16Applications and Languages°CAD, CAM, CAE, . . .°Lotus, DOS, . . . °Multimedia, . .
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