©UCB Fall 2001CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.18/29/01CS152Computer Architecture and EngineeringLecture 1Introduction and Five Components of a ComputerAugust 29, 2001John Kubiatowicz (www.cs.berkeley.edu/~kubitron)lecture slides: http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs152/8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 /Kubiatowicz Lec1.2Overview° Intro to Computer Architecture (30 minutes)° Administrative Matters (5 minutes)° Course Style, Philosophy and Structure (15 min)° Break (5 min)° Organization and Anatomy of a Computer (25) min)8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.3What is “Computer Architecture”Computer Architecture = Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization + …..8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 /Kubiatowicz Lec1.4Instruction Set Architecture (subset of Computer Arch.)... the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer, i.e. the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic design, and the physical implementation. – Amdahl, Blaaw, and Brooks, 1964SOFTWARESOFTWARE-- Organization of Programmable Storage-- Data Types & Data Structures:Encodings & Representations-- Instruction Set -- Instruction Formats-- Modes of Addressing and Accessing Data Items and Instructions-- Exceptional Conditions8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.5° 1950s to 1960s: Computer Architecture Course: Computer Arithmetic° 1970s to mid 1980s: Computer Architecture Course: Instruction Set Design, especially ISA appropriate for compilers° 1990s: Computer Architecture Course:Design of CPU, memory system, I/O system, Multiprocessors, Networks° 2010s: Computer Architecture Course: Self adapting systems? Self organizing structures?DNA Systems/Quantum Computing?Computer Architecture’s Changing Definition8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 /Kubiatowicz Lec1.6The Instruction Set: a Critical Interfaceinstruction setsoftwarehardware8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.7Example ISAs (Instruction Set Architectures)° Digital Alpha (v1, v3) 1992-97° HP PA-RISC (v1.1, v2.0) 1986-96° Sun Sparc (v8, v9) 1987-95° SGI MIPS (MIPS I, II, III, IV, V) 1986-96° Intel (8086,80286,80386, 1978-96 80486,Pentium, MMX, ...)8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 /Kubiatowicz Lec1.8MIPS R3000 Instruction Set Architecture (Summary)° Instruction Categories• Load/Store• Computational• Jump and Branch• Floating Point- coprocessor• Memory Management• SpecialR0 - R31PCHILOOPOPOPrsrtrd sa functrsrtimmediatejump target3 Instruction Formats: all 32 bits wideRegistersQ: How many already familiar with MIPS ISA?8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.9OrganizationLogic Designer’s ViewISA LevelFUs & Interconnect° Capabilities & Performance Characteristics of Principal Functional Units• (e.g., Registers, ALU, Shifters, Logic Units, ...)° Ways in which these components are interconnected° Information flows between components° Logic and means by which such information flow is controlled.° Choreography of FUs to realize the ISA° Register Transfer Level (RTL) Description8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 /Kubiatowicz Lec1.10The Big PictureControlDatapathMemoryProcessorInputOutput° Since 1946 all computers have had 5 components8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.11Example Organization° TI SuperSPARCtmTMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20Floating-point UnitInteger UnitInstCacheRefMMUDataCacheStoreBufferBus InterfaceSuperSPARCL2$CCMBus ModuleMBusL64852MBus controlM-S AdapterSBusDRAM ControllerSBusDMASCSIEthernetSTDIOserialkbdmouseaudioRTCBoot PROMFloppySBusCards8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 /Kubiatowicz Lec1.12What is “Computer Architecture”?I/O systemInstr. Set Proc.CompilerOperatingSystemApplicationDigital DesignCircuit DesignInstruction SetArchitectureFirmware° Coordination of many levels of abstraction° Under a rapidly changing set of forces° Design, Measurement, and EvaluationDatapath & Control Layout8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.13Forces on Computer ArchitectureComputerArchitectureTechnologyProgrammingLanguagesOperatingSystemsHistoryApplicationsCleverness8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 /Kubiatowicz Lec1.14i40 04i80 86i80 38 6Pentiumi80 48 6i80286SU MIPSR3010R4400R100001000100001000001000000100000001000000001965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Transistorsi80x86M68KMIP SAlph aTechnology° In ~1985 the single-chip processor (32-bit) and the single-board computer emerged• => workstations, personal computers, multiprocessors have been riding this wave since° In the 2002+ timeframe, these may well look like mainframes compared single-chip computer (maybe 2 chips) DRAMYear Size1980 64 Kb1983 256 Kb1986 1 Mb1989 4 Mb1992 16 Mb1996 64 Mb1999 256 Mb2002 1 GbuP-NameMicroprocessor Logic DensityDRAM chip capacity8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.15Technology => dramatic change° Processor• logic capacity: about 30% per year• clock rate: about 20% per year° Memory• DRAM capacity: about 60% per year (4x every 3 years)• Memory speed: about 10% per year• Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year° Disk• capacity: about 60% per year• Total use of data: 100% per 9 months!° Network Bandwidth• Bandwidth increasing more than 100% per year!8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 /Kubiatowicz Lec1.16Performance TrendsMicroprocessorsMinicomputersMainframesSupercomputers1995Year19901970 1975 1980 1985Log of Performance8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.17Processor Performance (SPEC)Year05010015020025030019821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995RISCIntel x8635%/yrRISCintroductionDid RISC win the technology battle and lose the market war?performance now improves ~60% per year (2x every 1.5 years)8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 /Kubiatowicz Lec1.18Applications and Languages° CAD, CAM, CAE, . . .° Lotus, DOS, . . . ° Multimedia, . . .° The Web, . . .° JAVA, . . .° The Net => ubiquitous computing° ???8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 / Kubiatowicz Lec1.19Measurement and EvaluationArchitecture is an iterative process-- searching the space of possible designs-- at all levels of computer systemsGood IdeasGood IdeasMediocre IdeasBad IdeasCost /PerformanceAnalysisDesignAnalysisCreativity8/29/01 ©UCB Fall 2001CS152 /Kubiatowicz Lec1.20Why do Computer Architecture?° CHANGE° It’s exciting!° It has never been more exciting!° It impacts every other aspect of
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