CS 152 Computer Architecture and Engineering Lecture 1 Introduction Krste Asanovic Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California at Berkeley http www eecs berkeley edu krste http inst eecs berkeley edu cs152 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 What is Computer Architecture Application Gap too large to bridge in one step but there are exceptions e g magnetic compass Physics In its broadest definition computer architecture is the design of the abstraction layers that allow us to implement information processing applications efficiently using available manufacturing technologies 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 2 Abstraction Layers in Modern Systems Application Algorithm Programming Language Operating System Virtual Machines Instruction Set Architecture ISA Microarchitecture Gates Register Transfer Level RTL Circuits Devices CS170 CS164 CS162 CS152 CS150 EE141 EE143 Physics 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 3 Architecture continually changing Applications suggest how to improve technology provide revenue to fund development Applications Technology Improved technologies make new applications possible Cost of software development makes compatibility a major force in market 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 4 Computing Devices Then EDSAC University of Cambridge UK 1949 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 5 Computing Devices Now Sensor Nets Cameras Media Players Set top boxes Laptops Servers Routers Smart phones Automobiles 1 19 2010 Games CS152 Spring 2010 Robots Supercomputers 6 Major Technology Generations CMOS Bipolar Vacuum Tubes nMOS pMOS Relays Electromechanical 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 from Kurzweil 7 Uniprocessor Performance 10000 Performance vs VAX 11 780 From Hennessy and Patterson Computer Architecture A Quantitative Approach 4th edition October 2006 year 1000 52 year 100 10 25 year 1 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 VAX 25 year 1978 to 1986 RISC x86 52 year 1986 to 2002 RISC x86 year 2002 to present 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 8 The End of the Uniprocessor Era Single biggest change in the history of computing systems 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 9 CS 152 Course Focus Understanding the design techniques machine structures technology factors evaluation methods that will determine the form of computers in 21st Century Technology Applications Programming Languages Computer Architecture Organization Hardware Software Boundary Operating Systems 1 19 2010 Parallelism Measurement Evaluation CS152 Spring 2010 Interface Design ISA Compilers History 10 The New CS152 New CS152 focuses on interaction of software and hardware more architecture and less digital engineering No FPGA design component Take CS150 for digital engineering with FPGAs Or CS250 for digital VLSI design with ASIC technology Much of the material you ll learn this term was previously in CS252 Some of the current CS61C I first saw in CS252 nearly 20 years ago Maybe every 10 years shift CS252 CS152 CS61C Class contains labs based on various different machine designs Experiment with how architectural mechanisms work in practice on real software 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 11 The New CS152 Executive Summary The processor your predecessors built in CS152 What you ll understand and experiment with in the new CS152 Plus the technology behind chip scale multiprocessors CMPs 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 12 CS152 Administrivia Instructor Prof Krste Asanovic Office 579 Soda Hall krste eecs Office Hours Mon 1 30 2 30PM email to confirm 579 Soda T A Andrew Waterman waterman eecs Office Hours TBD Lectures Tu Th 9 30 11AM 310 Soda Section Th 2PM 320 Soda Text Computer Architecture A Quantitative Approach 4th Edition Oct 2006 Readings assigned from this edition don t use earlier Eds Web page http inst eecs berkeley edu cs152 Lectures available online 6AM before class 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 13 CS152 Structure and Syllabus Five modules 1 Simple machine design ISAs microprogramming unpipelined machines Iron Law simple pipelines 2 Memory hierarchy DRAM caches optimizations plus virtual memory systems exceptions interrupts 3 Complex pipelining score boarding out of order issue 4 Explicitly parallel processors vector machines VLIW machines multithreaded machines 5 Multiprocessor architectures cache coherence memory models synchronization 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 14 CS152 Course Components 20 Problem Sets one per module Intended to help you learn the material Feel free to discuss with other students and instructors but must turn in your own solutions Grading based mostly on effort but quizzes assume that you have worked through all problems Solutions released after PSs handed in 40 Quizzes one per module In class closed book no calculators or computers Based on lectures problem sets and labs 40 Labs one per module Labs use advanced full system simulators Virtutech Simics Directed plus open ended sections to each lab 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 15 CS152 Labs Each lab has directed plus open ended assignments Roughly 50 50 split of grade for each lab Directed portion is intended to ensure students learn main concepts behind lab Each student must perform own lab and hand in their own lab report Open ended assigment is to allow you to show your creativity Roughly a one day mini project E g try an architectural idea and measure potential negative results OK if explainable Students can work individually or in groups of two or three Group open ended lab reports must be handed in separately Students can work in different groups for different assignments Lab reports must be readable English summaries not dumps of log files 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 16 Related Courses CS 258 Parallel Architectures Languages Systems CS61C Strong Prerequisite Basic computer organization first look at pipelines caches 1 19 2010 CS 152 Computer Architecture First look at parallel architectures CS 252 Graduate Computer Architecture Advanced Topics CS 150 CS 250 Digital Logic Design FPGAs VLSI Systems Design CS152 Spring 2010 17 Computer Architecture A Little History Throughout the course we ll use a historical narrative to help understand why certain ideas arose Why worry about old ideas Helps to illustrate the design process and explains why certain decisions were taken Because future technologies might be as constrained as older ones Those who ignore history are doomed to repeat it Every mistake made in mainframe design was also made in minicomputers then microcomputers where next 1 19 2010 CS152 Spring 2010 18 Charles Babbage
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