1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 CS 152 Computer Architecture and Engineering Lecture 1 - Introduction Krste Asanovic Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California at Berkeley http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~krste!http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs152!1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 What is Computer Architecture? 2 Application Physics Gap too large to bridge in one step (but there are exceptions, e.g. magnetic compass) In its broadest definition, computer architecture is the design of the abstraction layers that allow us to implement information processing applications efficiently using available manufacturing technologies.1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 3 Abstraction Layers in Modern Systems Algorithm Gates/Register-Transfer Level (RTL) Application Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Operating System/Virtual Machines Microarchitecture Devices Programming Language Circuits Physics EE141 CS150 CS162 CS170 CS164 EE143 CS1521/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 Cost of software development makes compatibility a major force in market Architecture continually changing 4 Applications Technology Applications suggest how to improve technology, provide revenue to fund development Improved technologies make new applications possible1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 5 Computing Devices Then… EDSAC, University of Cambridge, UK, 19491/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 6 Computing Devices Now Robots Supercomputers Automobiles Laptops Set-top boxes Games Smart phones Servers Media Players Sensor Nets Routers Cameras1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 7 [from Kurzweil] ? Major Technology Generations Bipolar nMOS CMOS pMOS Relays Vacuum Tubes Electromechanical1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 8 1101001000100001978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006Performance (vs. VAX-11/780) 25%/year52%/year??%/yearUniprocessor Performance • VAX : 25%/year 1978 to 1986 • RISC + x86: 52%/year 1986 to 2002 • RISC + x86: ??%/year 2002 to present From Hennessy and Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 4th edition, October, 2006!1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 9 The End of the Uniprocessor Era Single biggest change in the history of computing systems1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 10 CS 152 Course Focus Understanding the design techniques, machine structures, technology factors, evaluation methods that will determine the form of computers in 21st Century Technology Programming Languages Operating Systems History Applications Interface Design (ISA) Measurement & Evaluation Parallelism Computer Architecture: • Organization • Hardware/Software Boundary Compilers1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 11 The “New” CS152 • New CS152 focuses on interaction of software and hardware – more architecture and less digital engineering. • No FPGA design component – Take CS150 for digital engineering with FPGAs – Or CS250 for digital VLSI design with ASIC technology • Much of the material you’ll learn this term was previously in CS252 – Some of the current CS61C, I first saw in CS252 nearly 20 years ago! – Maybe every 10 years, shift CS252->CS152->CS61C? • Class contains labs based on various different machine designs – Experiment with how architectural mechanisms work in practice on real software.1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 12 The “New” CS152 Executive Summary The processor your predecessors built in CS152 What you’ll understand and experiment with in the new CS152 Plus, the technology behind chip-scale multiprocessors (CMPs)1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 13 CS152 Administrivia Instructor: Prof. Krste Asanovic Office: 579 Soda Hall, krste@eecs! Office Hours: Mon. 1:30-2:30PM (email to confirm), 579 Soda T. A.: Andrew Waterman, waterman@eecs Office Hours: TBD Lectures: Tu/Th, 9:30-11AM, 310 Soda Section: Th 2PM, 320 Soda Text: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 4th Edition (Oct, 2006) Readings assigned from this edition, don’t use earlier Eds. Web page: http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs152! Lectures available online ~6AM before class1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 14 CS152 Structure and Syllabus Five modules 1. Simple machine design (ISAs, microprogramming, unpipelined machines, Iron Law, simple pipelines) 2. Memory hierarchy (DRAM, caches, optimizations) plus virtual memory systems, exceptions, interrupts 3. Complex pipelining (score-boarding, out-of-order issue) 4. Explicitly parallel processors (vector machines, VLIW machines, multithreaded machines) 5. Multiprocessor architectures (cache coherence, memory models, synchronization)1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 15 CS152 Course Components • 20% Problem Sets (one per module) – Intended to help you learn the material. Feel free to discuss with other students and instructors, but must turn in your own solutions. Grading based mostly on effort, but quizzes assume that you have worked through all problems. Solutions released after PSs handed in. • 40% Quizzes (one per module) – In-class, closed-book, no calculators or computers. – Based on lectures, problem sets, and labs • 40% Labs (one per module) – Labs use advanced full system simulators (Virtutech Simics) – Directed plus open-ended sections to each lab1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 16 CS152 Labs • Each lab has directed plus open-ended assignments – Roughly 50/50 split of grade for each lab • Directed portion is intended to ensure students learn main concepts behind lab – Each student must perform own lab and hand in their own lab report • Open-ended assigment is to allow you to show your creativity – Roughly a one day “mini-project” » E.g., try an architectural idea and measure potential, negative results OK (if explainable!) – Students can work individually or in groups of two or three – Group open-ended lab reports must be handed in separately – Students can work in different groups for different assignments • Lab reports must be readable English summaries – not dumps of log files!!!!!!1/19/2010 CS152, Spring 2010 17 Related Courses CS61C CS 152 CS 258 CS 150 Basic computer organization, first look at pipelines + caches Computer Architecture, First look at parallel architectures Parallel Architectures, Languages, Systems Digital Logic Design, FPGAs Strong Prerequisite CS 250 VLSI Systems Design CS 252 Graduate Computer Architecture, Advanced
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