Exam 3 Notes CH 14 15 16 17 Chapter 14 Families and the Work They Do versa In general e spillover f By gender i Women spillover I II Work and Family a Cultural shifts in the 1980 s b Today the majority of mothers work outside the home for pay regardless of marital status although there has been a slight decline in the past year Juggling Work Family a Work Family Conflict pressures from paid work family roles are incompatible in some way forms of tension under which people feel that the i Example kid is throwing up today I don t think I will be able to make it to work overloaded b What are all the hats you wear What about your mom What about your dad What are all the things you do c Role overload too many commitments too little time not enough resources i Perception not necessarily reality leads to depression Perception of being d Spillover work sphere can be positive or negative demands of one work sphere carry over into the demands of another i Example things happening at work spill into your family life or vice i Cohesive families togetherness support more positive family work Satisfaction with the division of household labor more positive III Satisfaction with the couple relationship more positive spillover ii Men The Wage Gap a The wage gap is the difference in earnings between men and women b Varies depending on occupation i Usually greater in the more elite occupations ii For instance in 2000 1 Female physicians averaged 80 000 2 Male physicians averaged 140 000 IV Two Career Marriages a Careers differ from jobs in that they hold the promise of advancement and demand a high degree of commitment b Two career families often outsource domestic work and are likely to employ an in home caregiver V Second Shift Hochschild 1989 a Term describing domestic work employed women must perform after coming home from a day on the job b More enjoyable when shared by both partners c Women 50 more time consumed with these tasks Routine Household Labor vs Occasional Labor VI a RHL needs to happen every day cooking cleaning laundry taking care of children VII b OL less regularly mowing the lawn pressure washing the driveway Theories Explaining Gendered Division of Labor a Time Availability Perspective i Division of labor is determined by 1 Needs of the home of kids 2 Each partner s availability to perform household tasks hours spent b Relative Resources Perspective in paid work i The spouse with the most resources has the most power in the relationship 1 Resources bargaining power 2 Very much like the Exchange Theory c Doing gender Ingrained by society i Gender roles exhibit powerful norms on what we see as normative 1 Takes gender values identities and expectations into account 2 Women s work and men s work 3 Gatekeeping Women may be reluctant to give up control of household tasks VIII Jobs Influence Family a Non standard work hours increasingly common b of work hours does not equal poor mental health c When people work i Night shift matters 1 More distress especially for women 2 Higher depression 3 Lower marital quality d Florida minimum wage 2014 7 93 hour i 317 week BEFORE taxes ii 1 375 month BEFORE taxes iii 16 495 year BEFORE taxes e Living wage minimum income necessary for a worker to meet their basic i Home clothes food utilities transportation healthcare f Too little time with their children i Fathers are more likely to feel that they don t spend enough time with needs children 1 But mothers are more negatively affected when they perceive that they spend too little time with children ii Mothers curtail part time whatever necessary employment when they experience high work family overload g IS CHILDCARE HARMFUL i Children who spent more time in childcare had 1 More aggressive behavior a Still within normal range b Differences disappear by 3rd grade 2 Poorer work habit social skills a Differences were minimal and within normal range 3 Higher language and other academic skills a Often in a setting where they have a curriculum ii Childcare is safer than family daycares 1 Violence sexual assault shakings iii The quality of the childcare MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR iv Resolving Work Family Issues 1 Families need a Adequate provision for quality child and elder care b Family leave c Flexible employment scheduling What do you know about divorce I II Is Divorce a NEW thing a Divorce is easier to get now BUT b Relationship dissolution is not new Why are couples divorcing Micro level Factors a Parental Divorce Intergenerational transmission of divorce i ii Modeling of relationship behavior iii Intergenerational transmission of socioeconomic risk b Attitudes i Attitudes predict behavior ii If divorce is a possible solution then more likely to get divorced c Age at marriage i Marrying younger Higher risk ii Especially true among teenagers d Parental status i Childfree More likely to get a divorce ii Children add a little bit of stability but not necessarily quality iii Oh we re staying together for the kids e Premarital child bearing i Children prior to marriage Higher divorce rate when married ii Less relational stability f Sex of the child i Sons less likely to divorce ii Fathers more likely to be engaged g Heterogeny h Income i Education i Fewer similarities More likely to divorce ii Age sex religion ethnic group i Lower incomes More likely to divorce ii Stress leads to marital problems i Lower incomes More likely to divorce j Race Ethnicity i Black couples More likely to divorce ii Hispanic and Asian couples Least likely to divorce III Why are couples divorcing Macro level Factors a Level of Socioeconomic Development b Religion c Divorce Laws i We have irreconcilable differences which then allow anyone to divorce and not necessarily give a reason or blame one another in order to divorce d Women s Status Employment e Attitudes Towards Divorce Divorce is a PROCESS a Pre separation Thinking Early Separation Face logistics issues figuring out how to tell the kids or rearrange everything Mid Separation Face daily living apart shared visitation schedules Late Separation Model of Deciding About Divorce George Levinger a Spouses assess their marriage in terms of IV V VI i Rewards of the marriage ii Barriers to divorce iii Alternatives to the marriage His and Her Divorce a Both ex spouses are victims b 1st year after divorce stressful for both c VII His Divorce a Involves i Loss of time with children ii More general loneliness iii Anger and grief may be elevated VIII Her Divorce a Involves other men i
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