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Chapter 11 Family Stress and Crisis Violence Among Intimates Three phase Cycle of Violence Tension resulting from some minor altercation builds over a period of time Situation escalates exploding into another violence episode Violent person becomes contrite apologetic treating his her spouse or partner lovingly Why abusers do it Feelings of powerlessness Lack of resources Insecurity If they were abused Drugs alcohol Mental illness Intergenerational transmission of violence a cycle of violence that is passed down to dependents suggests that we learn norms and behaviors including violence by observing others Why victims put up with it Fear Cultural norms Love economic dependence and hopes of reform Gendered socialization Childhood experiences Low self esteem Learned helplessness the psychological condition of having low self esteem feeling helpless and having to control that is caused by repeated abuse Battered women s syndrome a recognized psychological condition often a subcategory of post traumatic stress syndrome used to describe someone who has been the victim of consistent and or severe domestic violence Types of violence Intimate partner violence violence committed by spouse ex spouses or current or former boyfriends girlfriends including same sex partners Violence between those who are physically and sexually intimate such as spouses or partners The violence can encompass physical economic sexual or psychological abuse Patriarchal terrorism controlling the partner through fear and intimidation Common couple violence mutual violence with a specific argument Violence relationships Conflict tactics scale CTS a scale based on how people deal with disagreements in Femicide the killing of women Date rape drugs drugs such as gamma hydroxybutyrate GHB rohypnol popularly known as roofies or roofenol or ketamine hydrochloride Ketamine that are used to immobilize a person to facilitate an assault Child abuse an attack on a child that results in an injury and violates our social norms Childhood violence Emotional Physical Sexual Child neglect Incest Sibling violence Trafficking the recruitment transportation transfer harboring or receipt of persons by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion of abduction of fraud or deception of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation Sex trafficking an industry in which children are coerced kidnapped sold or deceived into sexual encounters 1 800 96 ABUSE Florida abuse hotline Elder abuse abuse of an elderly person that can include physical abuse sexual abuse psychological abuse financial or material exploitation and neglect The nature of stress and crisis Crisis a critical change of events that disrupts the functioning of a person s life Family stress tensions that test a family s emotional resources Acute stress short term stress Chronic stress long term stress Response to stress General adaptation syndrome GAS the predictable pattern one s body follows when coping with stress which includes the alarm reaction resistance and exhausting Social readjustment rating scale a scale of major life events over the past year each of which is assigned a point value The higher the score the greater the chance of having a serious medical event ABC X model a model designed to help us understand the variation in the ways that families cope with stress and crisis p 306 Double ABC X Model a model designed to help us understand the effects of the accumulation of stresses and crises and how families adapt to them p 307 Domestic violence shelter a temporary safe house for a woman with or without children who is escaping an abusive relationship Chapter 12 The Process of Divorce Today s high U S divorce rate On average 40 50 of marrieds can expect to have their marriages dissolve over the life course The divorce rate is about 50 for first marriages The divorce rate is about 65 for second marriages How are divorce rates calculated Number of divorces per year Ratio of current marriages to current divorces Lifetime records of marriage and divorce Crude divorce rate the number of divorces per 1 000 people in the population Refined divorce rate a measure of divorce based on the number of divorces that occur out of every 1 000 married women Why are couples divorcing Various factors can bind marriages families together including Economic interdependence Legal social moral constraints Spouse s relationship The binding strength of some of these factors is lessened Intergenerational transmission of divorce a pattern noted by researchers that people whose parents divorced are also more likely to divorce No fault divorce a type of divorce now prevalent in all fifty states in which a divorcing couple can go before a judge without one party having to blame the other Economic consequences of divorce for men women Women are the losers Men s and women s unequal wages equitable division of property in divorce but so are men who earn less than 80 of the family s income More women are working Child support Reasons for negative impact of divorce on children Life stress perspective Parental loss perspective children most often live with just one parent lose another parent Parental adjustment perspective both children and adults go through transitions after divorce Economic hardship perspective standard of living declines considerably Interparental conflict perspective parents involve children in their disputes Why do people divorce Factors Income Degree of similarity between spouses The couple s ages Age of marriage Nonmarital childbearing Sex of children Race ethnicity Education Should divorce be more difficult to obtain Would I be happier Previously unhappy married couples who did not divorce who turned their marriages around fell into three broad types The marital endurance ethic partners stubbornly outlasted problems Over time many of the sources of conflict ceased The marital work ethic spouses actively worked to solve problems change their behavior and improve their communication The personal happiness ethic found alternative ways to improve their own happiness marriage problems did not diminish appreciably Problems for children Fighting in front of the children Fighting through the children Conflicting loyalty Children s knowledge of divorce issues A more optimistic view of outcome for children of divorced


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FSU FAD 2230 - Chapter 11 : Family Stress and Crisis

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