1) Key Termsa) Sex – biological characteristics (male and female anatomy) determined at birthi) Get clues of sex from other characteristics, such as more rounded face for females and longer hair; different body types.b) Gender – culturally defined attitudes and behaviors associated with and expected of the 2 sexes.What it means to be “masculine” or “feminine.”i) Changes over time and culturec) Gender Role – expectations about appropriate masculine and feminine attitudes and behaviors defined by society; does not necessarily correspond with one’s sexd) Socialization – process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes, beliefs, values, and expectationse) Gender Identity – degree to which an individual sees him or herself as feminine or masculine based on society’s definition of appropriate gender rolesf) Agentic/Instrumental Role – traditionally masculine characteristicsg) Communal/Expressive Role – traditionally feminine characteristicsh) Androgyny – an “in-between” role; have both traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine characteristics2) Nature v. Nurture / Heredity v. Environmenta) How gender roles are acquiredb) Combo of both3) Theories of Gender Socializationa) Most are based on an early childhood developmental perspectiveb) Many theories incorporate aspects of nature and nurturec) Social Learning Theory i) Bandura, 1977; Children learn gender roles from parents, siblings, school, and the media who serve as models for masculine and feminine behaviorsii) Children imitate models and are rewarded for “sex-appropriate” behaviorsd) Self-Identification Theory i) Kohlberg, 1966; Children become aware of being either male or female around age three.ii) Children categorize themselves by identifying behaviors that are appropriate to their sex.iii) Children socialize themselves from available cultural materials.e) Gender Schema Theory i) Bern, 1981; Children develop a basis of knowledge about how girls and boys behave.ii) Once this framework is developed this schema influences how the child processes new info.iii) The child will retain gender-consistent info easier than gender-inconsistent infof) Chodorow’s Theory of Gender i) Chodorow, 1978; Children develop a “primary identification” with their caregiver (usually the mother)ii) Females develop an identity and model behaviors from their relationship with their caregiver.iii) Males don’t identify with opposite sex caregiver and must separate early to develop their identity and characteristics of detachment and independence.4) Race/Ethnicitya) Race implies a biological distinct group (based on physical features)b) Scientific thinking rejects the idea that there are separate races distinguished by biological markers.c) Race is a social construction – we defined it5) Minority Groupsa) Minority implies that persons in those groups experience some disadvantage, exclusion, or discrimination in America society as compared to the dominant group: non-Hispanic White Americansi) African Americansii) Hispanicsiii) American Indiansiv) Asiansv) Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders6) Within Group Diversitya) Within each “racial category” there is a diversity between the groups.b) Caribbean and African blacks are very differentc) Koreans, Japanese, Chinese, etc.7) African Americans a) A higher proportion of black children (32%) than those of other ethnic groups live in poverty.b) Blacks are more than twice as likely as whites to suffer the death of an infant.c) 68.4% of births to unmarried mothers in 2002.d) Kin networks extend beyond the nuclear family unite) Married blacks have more egalitarian gender roles than do whites.f) Divorce rates are higherg) Far more likely to have never marriedh) Black women have traditionally been employedi) High rates of incarceration, poorer health, and higher mortality have affected the sex ratio of African American men8) Latino/Hispanic Families a) More than half of the recent growth of the Hispanic population is due to international migrationb) 29% of Latino children are in poverty levelsc) Education levels are low (57% graduated high school).d) Hispanic culture of hard work ethic may draw individuals into the labor markete) As likely as whites to be married and less likely to divorcef) Familistic valuesg) Catholic religious values explain for higher fertility ratesh) Larger households than any other ethnic groupi) Lower infant mortality rates than whitesj) Females likely to be in the workforce9) Asian/Islander Families a) Fastest growing of all ethnic groupsb) Often termed “model minority” because of strong educational attainment, high representation in upper management, and family incomes which are the highest of all racial/ethnic groups.c) Lower divorce ratesd) Lower infant mortality rates than whitese) Teen and nonmarital birth rates are very lowf) Lower fertility rateg) Have higher rates of intermarriageh) Less residentially segregated than other ethnic groups10) Native Americans a) High infant mortality rateb) Tend to marry at younger ages than blacks or whitesc) Have higher rates of cohabitationd) Higher proportion of divorcee) Respect for elders as leaders and mentors11) White Families a) 68% of populationb) More likely to be a married couplec) Less likely to have extended family living with themd) On average, have lower fertility ratese) Less likely to take care of their elderly familyf) Less likely to ask family for help with children.g) Privileged – “White Privilege” – whites take things for granted without thinking about it h) Value
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