Final Exam FAD2230 Chapter 12 Thinking about Parenthood Fertility in the United States o Fertility Rate a measure reported as Average number of children born to women during her lifetime Number of children born per 1 000 women ages 15 44 Number of children born per 1 000 in population o Pronatalism a cultural value that encourages childbearing People who voluntarily choose to remain childless are seen as selfish immature lonely unfulfilled insensitive o Antinatalism o Delayed Parenthood negative value on birth Usually social in nature pursuing a career or education Has impact on fertility rates The Costs and Rewards of Raising Children o Positive emphasizing the emotional rewards o Negative emphasizes the emotional or financial costs o Economic and Opportunity Costs Parents experience more stress less partner intimacy lower Opportunity Costs Direct Financial Costs out of pocket costs expenses for things physiological well being such as food clothing housing education part time or not at all because of children In developing countries children are a valuable source of labor Developed countries the cost of children helps explain why fertility rate declined lost opportunities for income by working only o The Rewards of Parenting Costs are shown to outweigh rewards due to rewards being hard to Parents usually more socially integrated with others than people measure without children Remaining Childfree o Voluntarily Childfree the decision to not have children is usually not made once but multiple times as people undergo a process of deciding about children o Men more likely to want children than women o Happiness later in life depends on whether it was voluntarily or involuntary to have children No children may have stronger partner ties more isolated live in institutions later in life better finances usually Other paths to Parenthood Adoption adults legalize their parental relationship to non biological o Adoption children Closed parties Open parents identifying information is sealed and unavailable to all involves direct contact between the biological and adoptive o Private Adoption biological birth mother usually with the assistance of an attorney arranged directly between adoptive parents and the Tend to be more expensive because they usually pay medical fee s however more common o Public Adoption occurs through licensed public agencies Must have reasonable substantial effort to find birth father before putting up for adoption because they need his permission to give up o Tran racial Adoptions Higher number of minority children looking to be adopted while higher number of whites looking to adopt Originally people thought would create cultural genocide Less stigma surrounding it today Cultural Socialization heritage and can instill a sense of pride and identity teaching children about their cultural o Single Parent Adoptions More women apply then men Men have a tougher time adopting they are believed to be less sensitive or nurturing o Gay Lesbian Adoptions One person has custody of the child because the marriage is not recognized The other parent is then able to apply as a second legally recognized parent to the child o International Adoptions Less children up for adoption in the U S due to less teenage pregnancies contraceptives and fewer women putting their child for divorce U S process is slow costly and stricter guidelines Child Birth o Child birth through out history The Transition to Parenthood o When a baby arrives everything instantly changes freedom gone o Less quality time and more workload o A good support system and resources can make it easier Chapter 13 Raising Children Culture and historical preferences help determine what is good parenting Family Allowance a cash benefit to families provided by the government to help offset the costs of raising children In America most women return to work after 3 months Workplace protection had children go to school and created the period of adolescence Socialization Learning to be Human o Socialization skills needed to function as human beings in society lifelong process by which we acquire the cultural values and Very important because humans have very little instincts compared o Sigmund Freud proposed human behavior and personality originate from to other mammals unconscious forces Id the part of the personality that includes biological drives and needs for immediate gratification Ego rational component of personality that attempts to balance the Super Ego this is our conscience which draws upon our cultural need for immediate gratifications with the demand of society values and norms to help us understand why we cannot have everything we want o Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development he focused on how people think understand Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Thought first stage of cognitive development in which infants toddlers understand the world primarily through touch sucking listening and feeling birth 2 child learns language symbolic play and drawing don t get grasp abstract concepts their knowledge is tied to their own perceptions 2 7 Concrete Operational Thought surroundings and can form their own opinions of categories classification systems and hierarchies in groups 7 12 thought and can conceptualize more complex issues or rules that can be used for problem solving 12 adulthood begin to see connections in their develop capacities for abstract Formal Operational Thought o Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead Disagree with Piaget and Freud they believe people develop and Looking glass self form opinions self concept without human interaction and we give meaning to things by how people around us react ourselves as others perceive and respond to us person to understand the world from his her point of view process of mentally assuming the role of another Cooley s suggestion that we come to see Role taking o Social Learning Theory behavior is learned through modeling imitation and reinforcement developed by Alfred Bandura the theory that Bobo doll study if aggressive parents child tended to act more aggressive towards doll o Agents of Socialization Family members especially parents Schools and childcare Peer Groups Toys and games Mass media o Socialization and Social Class Lower income finds traits such as obedience conformity staying out of trouble important parents more controlling and more apt for physical punishment Higher income finds traits such as creativity independence ambition more important punishment
View Full Document
Unlocking...