FAD2230 Exam 1 Study GuideCHAPTER 1 Families have changed: - Colonial America: families were businesses, schools, churches, correctional, health, and welfare institutions- African Americans and slavery- Industrialized and urbanized America: separate work and home life; waves of immigration- poor, working class, middle and upper class- Modern Family: (society were in now) family is more nuclear. Economy shapes the classesDefinition of a Family- Burgess and Locke (1945) Excludes gays, step, and friend families- Seccombe (1945) “ a relationship by blood and marriage, or affection, in which members may - cooperate economically- care for children- consider their identity. Intimately connected to the larger groupsEx. Pets , FSU, sororities Emphasis on how different people function to make it a familyTypes of Families- Family orientation – ex. Mom, Dad, or Sister“ empty nest”- no kids at home- Family of procreation- you choose or create your family. More say over than orientation- Fictive Kin: aunt, uncle- not related to youFunctions of a Family- Regulate sexual/behavior – Ex. kids, marriage partners, parents with kids - Reproducing and socializing children ex. teaching how to act - Property and inheritance- ex. use to pass down to males- Economic cooperation and provision- ex. Kids cant provide for themselves so parents take care of them- Social Placement, status, roles – Ex. know how to act because of your gender women=cleaning- Care, warmth, protection & intimacy – Ex. need love and nice things said to youKEY TERMS- Sex- Biological characteristics (male & female anatomy) determined at birth- Gender- culturally defined attitudes and behaviors associated with an expected of the 2 sexes. What it means to be masculine and feminine- Gender Role- Expectations about appropriate masculine and feminine attitudes how our behaviors are defined by society. Does not necessarily correspond with ones sexes. Ex. singles parents- Socialization- the process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes, beliefs, values, & expectations. Ex. Baby boy- blue- Gender Identity- the extent an individual sees him and herself as feminine or masculine based on society’s definition of appropriate gender rolesGender Roles- Agentic/ instrumental role- traditionally masculine characters- Communal/Expressive roles- traditionally female characteristics- Androgyny- an” in between role” have both traditionally “masculine” and traditionally “feminine characteristics” Nature vs. Nurture Hereditary vs. Environment- These are the “debates” concerning how gender roles are acquired- Do we learn them? (Nurture/Environment)- Are we born learning our roles? (Nature/hereditary)Theories of gender socialization:- Various ideas about how we got to know what gender we are and gender behaviors we express- They are mostly based on early childhood developmental perspectives- (Bandura,1977) Children learn gender roles from parents, siblings, who serves as models for masculine and feminine behaviors- Children imitate models and are rewarded for “sex appropriate” behaviorSelf- Identification Theory- (Kohlberg) child become aware of being male/female around age 3- children categorize themselves by identifying behavior that are applies to their sex- Children socialize themselves from available cultural materialsGender Schema Theory: - (Bem,1981) children developed the schema influences how the child processes new information- Once this framework is developed this schema influences how the child processes new information- The child will retain gender consistent information easier than gender inconsistent information ex. Boy/Girl commercialsChodorow’s Theory of Gender- Children develop a primary identification with usual caregiver (usually mother)- Females develop an identification and model behavior from their relationships with their caregiver- Males do not identify with opposite sex characteristics and must separate early to develop their identify and characteristics of detachment and independence. CHAPTER 2: AMERICAN FAMILIES IN SOCIAL COMPLEXRace/Ethnicity- Race implies a biological distinct group (based on physical ft.)- Scientific thinking rejects the idea that there are separate races distinguished by biological markers- Race is a social constructionWhat does ethnicity mean?- Ethnicity is national heritage, language, religion, values- Link between ethnicity and socio economical status- Yearly income - geological/location- Education - valuesWithin group diversity- Within each “racial category” that there is diversity between the groups - Caribbean and African blacks are different .African American: SES and Labor- However, a higher proportion of black children (32%) than those of other ethnic groups line in property- Black women have traditionally been employed African Americans:marriage- Blacks: far more likely to never marry- Married blacks have more egalitarian gender roles than whites- High rate of incarceration, poorer health and higher mortality has affected the fixratio of African American men- More than twice as likely as whites to suffer the death of an infant- 68.4% if births in 2002 were to unmarried mothers- family system is child- kin networks extend beyond the nuclear family unitLatin/Hispanic SES and Labor- 29% of Latino children are poor- education levels low(59% graduated high school) because of strong work ethic- females in workforce - as likely as whites to be married, but lower divorce rates because of catholism, value of family, cultural family values.- Catholic vales explain the high fertility rates- Larger households than any other ethnic groups- Lower infant mortality rates than whites; wife during and after pregnancy is waited onAsian/ Islander SES and Labor- Often termed “modern minority” because of strong educational attainment, increase in rep in upper management and family incomes- Lower divorce rates- Power in families range from male-dominance to egalitarianism - Higher rates of interracial marriage- Teens and non marital birth rates are very low (sheltered)- Lower fertility rate (feel responsible for how children turn out) – mom loses identity- Lower infant mortality rates than whitesNative American- Increase in infant mortality rates (health care)- Tend to marry at younger ages than blacks and whites
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