FAD 2230 Lecture NotesI. Chapter One: Why Study Families and Other Close RelationshipsA. Families Have Changed…1. Colonial Americaa. Families were businesses, schools, churches, and correctional, health, and welfare institutions.1) Everything was done at homeb. African Americans & slavery2. Industrialized and Urbanized Americaa. Separate work and home life1) Classesa) Poorb) Workingc) Middled) Upper 2) When the idea of man going to work and bring home the bacon while woman staying home and taking care of household emergesb. Waves of Immigration1) Idea of not having to work as hard to survive dew them in3. Modern Americaa. Economy shapes familiesb. Service & technology basedc. Technology is bringing work & home together againB. TV Show Perception of Families1. 1950s: Leave It to Beavera. Stay at home momb. Dad works 9 to 5 hours ->no college degree/educationc. Perfect life1) Kids connected to mom2) No divorces2. 1970s: The Brady Buncha. Integrated two families1) Mother with three daughters2) Father with three sonsb. Upper class1) Live in maid/nannyc. One happy family1) Unknown what happened to other biological parent3. 1980s: The Cosby Showa. Black familyb. Upper class1) Father Cliff is a doctor2) Mother Claire is a lawyerc. Educatedd. Mom made decisions1) Emergence of the strong black womane. Values always put family first4. 1990s: FRIENDSa. People single and datingb. Friends can be just friendsc. Girls could be single and dating while still being contentd. Supportive1) Financiallya) Never worried about money2) Emotionallya) They were there for each other5. 2000s: The Osbournesa. They cussed and sworeb. Had unrelateble problemsc. Wealthyd. Despite everything, they are a happy family and love each othere. Realistic6. 2013: ???a. What show(s) characterized our changing ideas about families today?1) Modern Familya) Gay parentsb) Big age difference2) The Kardashians3) 16 & Pregnant4) The Bachelor b. How is media showing diversity in our families?1) Cheerios commerciala) Biracial familiesC. Family Definitions1. 1945, Burgess and Lockea. A group of persons united by the ties of marriage, blood or adoption; constituting in a single household; interacting and communicating with each other in the respective social roles (husband and wife; mother and father;; son and daughter; brother and sister) and creating/maintaining a common culture.2. 2012, Seccomtea. A relationship by blood, marriage, or affection in which members cooperate economically, care for children, and consider their identity intimately connected to the large group.D. Types of Families1. Family of Orientationa. Family born into2. Family of Procreationa. Family created3. Fictive Kina. People really close to familyb. Not related but considered familyE. Functions of Family1. Regulation of sexual behavior2. Reproducing and socializing childrena. Raising and teaching ways of society3. Property and inheritance4. Economic cooperation and provision (providing)5. Social placement, status, and roles6. Care, warmth, protection, and intimacyII. Chapter Two: Social Status: Sex and GenderA. Sex and Gender1. Key Termsa. Sex1) Biological characteristics (male and female anatomy)2) Determined at birthb. Gender role1) Culturally defined attitudes and behaviors associated with sex and expected of the two sexes2) What it means to be “masculine” and “feminine”c. Socialization1) The expectation about appropriate masculine and feminine attitudes and behaviors defined by societyd. Gender identity1) The degree by which society influences members to internalize attitudes, beliefs, values, and expectationse. Agentic/instrumental role1) Traditionally masculine characteristicsf. Communal/expressive role1) Traditionally feminine characteristicsg. Androgyny1) An “in-between role”; have both traditionally “masculine” and traditionally “feminine characteristics”2. Nature vs. Nurture & Hereditary vs. Environmenta. There are “debates” concerning how gender roles are acquired1) Nurture vs. environmenta) Do we learn them?2) Nature vs. hereditarya) Are we born knowing our roles?3. Theories of Gender Socializationa. There are various ideas about how we get to know what gender we are and what gender behaviors we expressb. Mostly based on an early childhood development perspectivec. Many theories incorporate aspects of nature vs. nurtured. Social Learning Theory1) Bandura, 1977: children learn gender roles from parents, siblings, school and media who serves as models for masculine and feminine behaviors2) Children imitate models and are rewarded for “sex-appropriate”behaviorse. Self-Identification Theory1) Kohlburg, 1966: children become aware of being either male or female around age three2) Children categorize themselves by identifying behaviors that areappropriate to their sex3) Children socialize themselves from available cultural materialsf. Gender Schema Theory1) Bem, 1981: children develop a basis of knowledge about how boys and girls behave2) Once this framework is developed, this schema influences how the child processes information3) The child will retain gender-consistent information easier than gender-inconsistent informationg. Chodorow’s Theory of Gender1) Chodorow, 1978: Children develop a ‘primary identification’ with their caregiver (usually the mother)2) Females develop an identity and model behaviors from their relationship with their caregiver3) Males do not identify with the opposite sex caregiver and must separate early to develop their identity and characteristics of detachment and independenceB. American Families in Social Context1. Race and Ethnicitya. Race1) Implies a biological distinct group (based on physical features)2) Is a social constructiona. Scientific thinking rejects the idea that there are separate races distinguished by biological markersb. All one race (human race)b. What does ethnicity really mean?1) Ethnicity is national heritage, language, religion, values, etc…2) Links between ethnicity and socioeconomic statusa) Yearly incomeb) Educationc) Geographical locationd) values2. Within Group Diversitya. Within each “racial category” there is diversity between the groups1) Caribbean and African blacks are different2) Koreans, Japanese, Chinese, etc…3. African Americana. SES and Labor1) Higher proportion of black children (32% or 1 in 3) live in poverty than those of any ethnic group2) Black women have traditionally been employedb. Marriage1) Far more likely to have never married2)
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