•Chapter 11 : Family Stress and Crisis – Violence Among Intimates •Three-phase Cycle of Violence•Tension resulting from some minor altercation builds over a period of time.•Situation escalates, exploding into another violence episode.•Violent person becomes contrite (apologetic), treating his/her spouse or partner lovingly.•Why “abusers” do it•Feelings of powerlessness•Lack of resources•Insecurity•If they were abused•Drugs/alcohol•Mental illness•Intergenerational transmission of violence: a cycle of violence that is passed down to dependents; suggests that we learn norms and behaviors, including violence, by observing others.•Why “victims” put up with it•Fear•Cultural norms•Love, economic dependence, and hopes of reform•Gendered socialization•Childhood experiences•Low self-esteem•Learned helplessness: the psychological condition of having low-self esteem, feeling helpless, and having to control that is caused by repeated abuse.•Battered women’s syndrome: a recognized psychological condition, often a subcate-gory of post-traumatic stress syndrome, used to describe someone who has been the victim of consistent and/or severe domestic violence.•Types of violence•Intimate-partner violence: violence committed by spouse, ex-spouses, or current or for-mer boyfriends/girlfriends, including same-sex partners.•Violence between those who are physically and sexually intimate, such as spouses or partners. The violence can encompass physical, economic, sexual, or psychological abuse.•Patriarchal terrorism: controlling the partner through fear and intimidation.•Common couple violence: mutual violence with a specific argument.•Violence •Conflict tactics scale (CTS): a scale based on how people deal with disagreements in re-lationships.•Femicide: the killing of women.•Date rape drugs: drugs such as gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), rohypnol (popularly known as “roofies” or “roofenol”), or ketamine hydrochloride (Ketamine) that are used to im-mobilize a person to facilitate an assault.••Childhood & violence•Child abuse: an attack on a child that results in an injury and violates our social norms.•Emotional•Physical•Sexual•Child neglect•Incest•Sibling violence•Trafficking: the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud or decep-tion, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability, or of the giving or receiving of payments to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the pur-pose of exploitation.•Sex trafficking: an industry in which children are coerced, kidnapped, sold, or deceivedinto sexual encounters.•1-800-96-ABUSE (Florida abuse hotline)•Elder abuse: abuse of an elderly person that can include physical abuse, sexual abuse,psychological abuse, financial or material exploitation, and neglect.•The nature of stress and crisis•Crisis: a critical change of events that disrupts the functioning of a person’s life•Family stress: tensions that test a family’s emotional resources.•Acute stress: short-term stress•Chronic stress: long-term stress•Response to stress•General adaptation syndrome (GAS): the predictable pattern one’s body fol-lows when coping with stress, which includes the alarm reaction, resistance, and ex-hausting.•Social readjustment rating scale: a scale of major life events over the past year, each of which is assigned a point value. The higher the score, the greater the chance of having a serious medical event.•ABC-X model: a model designed to help us understand the variation in the ways that families cope with stress and crisis. (p.306)•Double ABC-X Model: a model designed to help us understand the effects of the accumulation of stresses and crises and how families adapt to them. (p.307)•Domestic violence shelter: a temporary safe house for a woman (with or without children) who is escaping an abusive relationship.••••••Chapter 12: The Process of Divorce •Today’s high U.S. divorce rate•On average, 40%-50% of marrieds can expect to have their marriages dissolve over the life course.•The divorce rate is about 50% for first marriages.•The divorce rate is about 65% for second marriages.•How are divorce rates calculated?•Number of divorces per year•Ratio of current marriages to current divorces•Lifetime records of marriage and divorce•Crude divorce rate: the number of divorces per 1,000 people in the population.•Refined divorce rate: a measure of divorce based on the number of divorces that oc-cur out of every 1,000 married women.•Why are couples divorcing?•Various factors can bind marriages & families together, including:•Economic interdependence•Legal, social & moral constraints•Spouse’s relationship•The binding strength of some of these factors is lessened.•Intergenerational transmission of divorce: a pattern noted by researchers that people whose parents divorced are also more likely to divorce.•No-fault divorce: a type of divorce, now prevalent in all fifty states, in which a divorc-ing couple can go before a judge without one party having to blame the other.•Economic consequences of divorce for men & women•Women are the losers•Men’s and women’s unequal wages•“equitable” division of property in divorce•…but so are men (who earn less than 80% of the family’s income)•More women are working•Child support•Reasons for negative impact of divorce on children•Life stress perspective•Parental loss perspective: children most often live with just one parent….lose an-other parent.•Parental adjustment perspective: both children and adults go through transitions after divorce.•Economic hardship perspective: standard of living declines considerably.•Interparental conflict perspective: parents involve children in their disputes.•Why do people divorce?•Factors:•Income•Degree of similarity between spouses•The couple’s ages•Age of marriage•Nonmarital childbearing•Sex of children•Race & ethnicity•Education•Should divorce be more difficult to obtain?•“Would I be happier?”•Previously unhappy married couples who did not divorce & who turned their marriages around fell into three broad types:•The marital endurance ethic: partners stubbornly outlasted problems. Over
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