Chapter 6 Communication Conflict and Power in Our Relationships The importance of communication Communication an interactive process that uses symbols like words and gestures to both send and receive messages Communication is a transaction process and includes co construction of meanings Sapir whorf Hypothesis the concept that language shapes our culture and at the same time our culture shapes our language Listening the process of giving thoughtful attention to what we hear Nonverbal communication what does that smile exactly mean Nonverbal communication communicating without words by using gestures expressions and body language Written Electronic Communication Informality is the new norm Our writing influences our speech We have volume control over our messages We have more relationships with less depth We can live in the moment Self Disclosure telling a person something private about yourself that he or she would not otherwise know Conflict disagreements over decision making problem solving or achieving goals which can result from differences between group members in personality perception information tolerance for risk and power or influence Power the ability to exercise your free will Personal Power the degree of autonomy a person has to exercise his or her will Social power the ability to exercise your will over another person Intimate partner power a type of power that involves decision making along intimate partners their division of labor and their sense of entitlement CHAPTER 7 MARRIAGE HERE THERE AND EVERY WHERE Marriage a legally and socially recognized relationship that includes sexual economic and social rights and responsibilities for partners Marital decline perspective the view that the institution of marriage is increasingly being threatened by hedonistic pursuits of personal happiness at the expense of long term commitment o Hedonistic means pleasure seeking Martial resilience perspective the view that overall marriage is no weaker than in the past but that all families need an increase in structural supports over time What is happening to marriage today Delayed marriage Homogamous versus heterogamous marriages Homogamous marriage a type of marriage in which spouses share certain social characteristics such as race ethnicity religion education age and social class Heterogamous marriage a type of marriage in which spouses don t share certain social characteristics such as race ethnicity religion education age and social class Homogamous vs heterogamous marriages Interracial marriage a type of marriage in which spouses come from different racial groups Interethnic marriages a type of marriage in which spouses come from different countries or have different cultural religious or ethnic backgrounds Same sex marriage Civil union a public policy designed to extend some benefits to partners who are not legally married TRENDS all are becoming more liberal Attitudes about nonmarital sex Attitudes about cohabitation Attitudes about nonmarital childbearing Attitudes about shared breadwinning Attitudes about the division of household labor Marriage premium the concept that people are happier healthier and financially better off than those who are not married Selection effect the hypothesis that people who marry may be different from those who do not marry for example they may be happier healthier and have more money Economic Security Wage premium generally married men earn more than their unmarried counterparts particularly married men with stay at home wives economic security divided into 2 pieces if your married your better off financially Social capital the goods and services that are by products of social relationships including connections social support info or financial help Defining marital quality What does it mean to say that a marriage is happy Terms associated with marital quality 1 Marital happiness marital satisfaction 2 Marital adjustment 3 Marital stability 4 Marital success Types of marriages Conflict habituated marriage a type of marriage that includes frequent conflict although it may be enduring Devitalized marriage an enduring marriage that exists without much passion Correlates of marital quality Personal and background characteristics Agreement about roles Children marital quality Marital quality the duration of marriage don t necessary cause each other Sexual orientation marital scripts expectations a person has about what is appropriate behavior for husbands wives five different types of cultural expectations about marriage 1 marriage as a conflict 2 patriarchal marriage 3 role segregated marriage 4 companionate marriage 5 peer marriage the marital gradient the tendency for women to marry up with regard to age education Homogamy people tend to marry people of similar race age age education religious background and social class endogamy marrying within ones social group exogamy marrying outside one s group heterogamy marrying someone dissimilar in race age education religion or social class reasons for homogamy live in close proximity culture encourages people to marry others similar to themselves people are more comfortable with others from similar backgrounds people want to strike a fair exchange Exchange theory Individuals pick the relationship that is most regarding or least costly In romantic relationships individuals have resources beauty personality status skills maturity intellect originality etc Individuals also have costly attributes being demanding low status geographic inaccessibility The marriage movement and covenant marriage Marriage movement the activities of a group of some religious leaders marriage and family therapists and government leaders who hope to influence public policy to promote and strengthen traditional marriage Covenant marriage a type of marriage available in three states that restricts access to divorce requires premarital Peer marriage a type of marriage in which couples consider themselves to equal status CHAPTER 8 Fertility and mortality rates the keys to understanding population growth Population and fertility trends Fertility rate a measure reported as 1 avg of children born to her woman during her lifetime 2 of children born per 1 000 women ages 15 44 3 of children born per 1000 people Mortality rate a measure of number of deaths in a population Fertility in the US Delayed parenthood is more than just a biological phenomenon Economic and Opportunity Costs Direct financial costs out of pocket expenses for
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