Chapter 11-15 Study Guide for FAD2230 FinalChapter 11 – Family Stress and CrisisNature of Stress and Crisis Crisis – critical change of events that disrupts the functioning of a person’s life Crisis can be negative or positive Ex: Job loss or a new baby to the family Family Stress – tensions that test a family’s emotional resources Ex: Alcoholism or divorce- Money is the number one family stressor Two Types of Family Stress1. Normative- Ex: adjusting to the changes brought on by a new baby2. Non-normative- Ex: Caring for a physically/mentally disabled child Acute Stress – short term stress Ex: Being unable to find your car keys Chronic Stress – long term stress Can be detrimental to health resulting in health problems and accelerated aging Ex: Living with an abusive partner or diabetes General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) – predictable pattern one’s body follows when coming with stress Three Stages 1. Alarm Reaction – immediate fight or flight response 2. Resistance – the body attempts to maintain those high levels of reaction 3. Exhaustion – illness such as insomnia results from chronic stress- This is the result of a depressed immune system due to stress Social Readjustment Rating Scale – scale of major life events over the past year designed by Holmes Each event is assigned a point value that ranks the associated level of stress Ex: death of spouse (highest), divorce, and moving Patterns of Family Crisis Three Phases 1. The Event that causes the crisis 2. Period of Disorganization that follows 3. Reorganization that takes place afterwards Most families are able to recover and stay together 51 % Rollercoaster , most common 18 % Increase Functioning, 2nd most common Coping or Not: The ABC-X Models ABC-X Model – developed by Reuban Hill, helps us understand the variation in the ways that families cope with stress and crisis A + B + C = X- A: Stress Event Ex: graduation, death, or an affair- B: Resources Ex: social support or money- C: Family’s perception (why the crisis happened) Ex: human nature, God’s Will, or a catastrophe- X: Outcome Ex: Family Failure or Recovery Double ABC-X Model – looks at the accumulation of stress and crises and how families adapt to them aA + bB + cC = X- aA: Pile Up- bB: New and Existing resources- cC: Family’s new perception- X: Bonadaption, adaption, or maladaptationViolence Among Intimates Violence is a social problem: 1. It affects large numbers of people 2. Violence is not completely random Video on Intimate Partner Violence Synopsis: A black woman named Shannon shot and killed her abusive boyfriend named Jose after three years of abuse. He beat her often and made her his slave, but she still was sentenced 15 to life. Only served eight years before being released and forming the “Framingham Eight.”Intimate Partner Violence Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) – violence between romantic, sexually involved partners Ex: spouses and other romantic partners Does not include parent and child violence! Encompasses: physical, economic, sexual, or psychological abuse Several are usually present at once How We Define and Measure IPV Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) – developed by sociologist Murray Straus, measures how people deal with relationship disagreements 1. Non-Aggressive Responses:- Calmly discussing issue- Gathering information to support argument or requesting outside help- Crying 2. Psychologically Aggressive Responses:- Insults or swearing- Refusing to talk (silent treatment)- Stomping out of a room 3. Physically Aggressive Responses:- Threatening or executing to hit, push, choke, beat, kill, or slap- Smashing or throwing an object- Using a knife Frequency of IPV Affects U.S on a societal scale by affecting individual relationships in a community Costs $5.8 billion/year, spent on police, safe houses, and medical bills Most studies are biased because they are done on a small specific group or bysomeone like a social worker 1 in 4 women experience domestic violence Young Native American Females (20-24 years old) are at the greatest risk Most cases of domestic violence go unreported Femicide – the killing of women Men as Victims of Domestic Violence 85 % of victims are women Men are expected to be able to defend themselves Often seen as comical when a woman abuses a man Ex: Betty King and Eddy King in Ohio- Betty severely abuses Eddy for no reason, so he shot her one day out of self defense Types of Intimate Partner Violence 1. Common Couple Violence – arises from an argument Least likely to escalate or cause serious injury - Ex: Disagreeing on how to discipline kids and yelling at each other 2. Intimate Terrorism – physical, sexual, and psychological violence used to control another Usually starts off slowly, but most likely to escalate- Ex: Blaming, inducing shame, lowering self-esteem, isolation, and threatening 3. Violent Resistance – self defense Ex: The scenario between Betty and Eddy King 4. Mutual Violent Control – violence and control comes from both sides Ex: Instigating fights and alternating who starts it Stalking and Cyber Stalking Increasing easier to do as a result of the advancement in technological communication Considered abuse because it causes fear and occurs on a continuum Ex: unwanted emails, texts, and phone calls Consequences of IPV Huge amounts of stress and physical abuse Tend to suffer from several more illnesses Ex: Irritable Bowl Syndrome and Fibromyalgia If stress increases, immune system decreases Same effects present for homosexuals Most common form of abuse: bruises Victim characteristics: depressed, unhealthy, and scared Coping with Violence: Leaving vs. Staying Learned Helplessness – psychological condition of having low self-esteem; feeling helpless and having no control Created by Lenore Walker Caused by repeated abuse- ¾ of women leave the relationship, but leaving is a process and takes time Battered Women’s Syndrome – psychological condition used to describe someone who has been the victim of consistent and sever domestic violence This is a sub-category of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Dating Violence Young women (16-24) experience the highest rates of relationship
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