FAD 2230 Final Exam Final Thursday April 30th 03 02 2015 Chapter 12 Thinking About Parenthood Fertility in the United States 7 billion people in the world as of 2011 Projected to reach over 8 billion people by 2025 Fertility and Mortality Rates The Keys to Understanding Population Growth Fertility Rate A measure reported as o Average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime instead of the following numbers below You will usually see this number as the fertility rate o Number of children born per 1 000 women ages 15 44 o Number of children born per 1 000 population This last method is not very reliable Pronatalism our society encourages us to have children o If you don t have children there must be something wrong with you especially if you are married Antinatalism your children are not accepted everywhere o Dr Greene and her big family gets seated in the back of a nice restaurant because of her 3 kids o Babies on planes Fertility in the United States Delayed Parenthood o Is more than just a biological phenomenon o Reasons for later parenthood are often social in nature o LOTS of people are delaying parenthood The Costs and Rewards of Raising Children Economic and Opportunity Costs o Direct Financial Costs Out of pocket expenses for things such as food clothing housing and education Child care is a HUGE direct cost 10 000 per year if you are working full time This may be the reason why some families do not have more children right away o Opportunity Costs Lost opportunities for income by working only part time or not at all because of children Sleep is very limited Remaining Childfree Infertility The inability to conceive a child after 1 year of trying o After 12 months of consecutively trying without any results you are considered infertile o Fertility decreases with age after 30 After 35 it decreases drastically Medical Treatment o Assisted Reproductive Technology ART All fertility treatments in which both egg or sperm are handled Insurance does not cover any of these treatments o Artificial Insemination A month before this treatment is done hormone shots have to be administered to prepare the body for insemination Fertilization occurs inside the mother o In vitro insemination daily shots for a couple months for body to produce enough eggs Eggs are harvested and the best eggs are used Take man s sperm and match with the eggs in a dish Egg is then implanted Fertilization occurs outside the mother in a laboratory o Surrogacy The act of giving birth to a child for another person or a couple who then adopts or takes legal custody of the child The man s sperm is artificially inseminated into the surrogate the surrogate s egg and the man s sperm are joined this is traditional surrogacy o Gestational surrogacy A type of surrogacy where the intended mother s egg is combined with the man s sperm then is implanted in the surrogate through in vitro fertilization Surrogate simply carries the child to term using the mother s egg and the father s sperm Becoming more common but way more expensive Surrogates can be paid or not paid 25 000 Surrogacy Remaining Childfree Voluntarily Childfree o The decision to not have children is usually not made only once but many times as people undergo a process of decoding about children Other Paths to Parenthood Adoption Closed and Open Adoptions o Closed Adoption Identifying information is sealed and unavailable to all parties You don t get the details about the birth parents Adopting family only gets basic demographic data Ex Mother is white female father is white male o Open Adoption Involves direct contact between the biological and adoptive parents Terms are negotiated in the beginning of the adoption concerning contact between adopted child and biological parents etc Public and Private Adoptions o Public Adoption Occurs through licensed public agencies Pregnant couple will contact an agency and say they are interested in finding a family for their child Agency works with the birth parents If father isn t identified you have to take public measures to locate father internet ads newspaper etc There has to be significant measures to locate the birth father before the adoption can be conducted o Private Adoption Arranged directly between adoptive parents and the biological birth mother usually with the assistance of an attorney 10 000 for adoption fees Transracial Adoptions We have much higher number available of black children and a high number of white parents who want to adopt We have seen an up rise in transracial adoptions o Single Parent Adoptions Women are applying for these adoptions more than men Single men who try to adopt a child face a lot more difficulties than single women who try to adopt o Adoptions by Gays and Lesbians In some states you cannot adopt if you are in a homosexual relationship You can however adopt as a single parent but your partner who does not adopt has no legal right to the child o International Adoptions Sometimes these adoptions can be processed much faster than domestic adoptions domestic adoptions could take YEARS The Interconnection of Micro and Macro Childbirth Childbirth throughout History Towards Medicalization o Medicalization of Childbirth The belief that childbirth is a medical event in need of drugs and technological intervention o Birth Centers Freestanding facilities usually with close proximity to but not affiliated with a hospital where childbirth is approached as a normal healthy process Nurse Midwives are in control of birthing the baby They are not trained however to deal with emergencies and turn to the hospital if complications arise Why is the Transition so Challenging Focus is on your child instead of yourself What Can Help the Transition to Parenthood Your support system including family and friends BOOK NOTES Older adults men and persons with lower levels of education were most likely to agree with pronatilist s viewpoints on childbearing Hispanics have the highest fertility rate while American Indian Alaska Natives have the lowest Women who don t have children overall tend to be among the most highly educated having completed college or graduate school Childfree women tend to live in central cities and metropolitan areas Blacks and whites are most likely to be childfree while Hispanics are the least likely to be childfree Infertility affects 12 of adults In vitro fertilization is the most common Assisted Reproductive Technology Surrogacy arrangements are categorized as commercial
View Full Document
Unlocking...