1/22/2013 Chapter 2- Socialization : the link between private and experiences and social structureo Social Stratification: The tiered ranking of categories of people within society Start off small, but we are shaped by our cultureSex, Gender, and Patriarchy- Sex: Biological difference between men and women, and their role in reproduction- Gender: Culturally and socially constructed difference between males and females found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with “femininity” and “masculinity” - Sex and Gender differenceso Androgyny : possessing both masculine and feminine traits in near equal proportion- Gender Learningo Gender Socialization : Teaching the cultural norms associated with being male of femaleo Agents of Socialization : The primary groups responsible for gender socialization Parents - differential treatment becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy Schools - hidden curriculum encourages sex-typed behavior and teaches girls to fear academic success Toys - books show boys as a leading characters and girls in stereotypical roles; toys are sex-typed Peers - same-sex play reinforces different interaction styles that carry over into adulthood Mass Media - television, music videos, and computer games tend to focus on boys and present girls in stereotypical ways- Male Privilege : Patriarchyo Female genital cutting- only men should be able to experience sexual pleasure, it is a dutyo Still exists today in the USRace and Ethnicity- Race : A category describing people who share real or perceived physical straits that society deems socially significant, such as coloro Black vs. white- Ethnicity : shared cultural characteristics such as language, place of origin, dress, food, religion, and other valueso Jewish- Ethnic Group : A group of people who share specific cultural features- Minority Groups : A category of people who have less power than the dominant group, and who are subject to unequal treatmento Asians, woman- Social Capital : Social networking connections, which can be a valuable sourceof information such as a resource for job leads (know this)- Prejudice : A negative attitude about member of a selected racial and ethnic groups- Stereotypes :- Discrimination : Behaviors, actions, or practices based on racial or ethnic preferences that have harmful impacts- Individual Discrimination : One person exhibiting a negative behavior towards another person- Intuitional Discrimination : Social institutions such as the government, religion, and education create policies and practices that are systematically disadvantageous to certain groupsSocial Class- Socioeconomic Status (SES): some combination of education, occupation, andincomeo Upper Classo Upper Middle Classo Middle Classo Working Classo Working Pooro UnderclassPoverty- Poverty Guidelines : Guidelines established in 1964 as a way to measure the number of people living in povertyo Based on family sizeo Revised yearlyo Kids under 18 have highest poverty
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