Types of PowerCoercive Power- we have it in the us. For example, the judicial system has the ability to punish us and put us in jail. Coercive power helps us teach our children what discipline is.Reward PowerExpert Power- when you have expertise in something. Because you are an exercise science expert, you have the power to write a scientific articleInformational Power-the power you have when you have different types of information but it doesn’t necessarily make you an expert in that.Referent Power- unique because it doesn’t have to do with the more powerful person per say, it is when the less powerful person gives more power to the more powerful person. Sometimes you give people power that don’t deserve it (some people in your family) sometimes they don’t have power. Sometimes captives and slaves are brainwashed because they identify with the people who capture them and have empathy for them.Legitimate Power- power given to someone by a larger, powerful entity. More concrete example: when you get a license to be a medical doctor, in the state of Florida you take an exam and you now have power to practice medicine; just because you have expert power does not mean you have legitimate power.Martial PowerThe first study done wasn’t until the 1960’s, and it wasn’t until then that people started to notice the power dynamic.Blood and Wolfe: Interviewed wives only.Resource Hypothesis: the spouse with more resources has more power in marriage.What resources to spouses bring?Resource hypothesis: the person who has the most resources has the most power. This hypothesis was the direction of their study. In the 1950’s the man brought money, food, clothing, shelter, to the table. Women brought, child-rearing, nurture, maintaining the house. The man’s resources were more valued at this point in time.Study Results:Most families (72%) had “relatively egalitarian” decision-making structure.25%: husbands made decision3%: Wives made decisionsCriticisms of StudyWhat domains men and women have power over.Women: food, shopping, cleaning.Husbands: where they live, jobs, finances.“Having the power to make trivial decisions is not the same as having the power to make important ones.”Love, Need, and PowerWives may have power through husband’s love for her. Husbands, when they do love their wives, have soft spots for them. However, wives can lose some power because of the principle of least interest.Congruent with Principle of Lease Interest: Women may be more socialized to love and need men than the other way around. Women are socialized to be nurturing and loving and caring and very interested in relationship so when men and women get in relationships the women is socialized to be the one that cares about the relationship. Therefore, the husbands have more power because the men are not socialized to need women.Men may feel less power in the “intimate sphere.”Power and IntimacyIntimacy is greatest when power is equal.Seek to negotiate and compromise, not to win.If one partner wins and the other loses, the couple loses.If both partners win, the couple wins.Game Theory: If you get too destructive within your relationship you will end up destroying the whole relationship.Power and Politics with IntimacyHow do spouses exert power in a marriage negatively?Leaving/threateningWithholding/distancingPouting/sulkingInfidelityPartners take charge of separate domains:May decrease intimacyReinforces separatenessAccumulation of power politics leads to loneliness and distance in marriage, not closenessAlternatives to Power PoliticsPartners take charge of separate domains.May decrease intimacyReinforces “separateness.”Subordinate spouse disengages from power struggles.More powerful partner relinquish some power to save or enhance the marriage (best way).Family ViolenceChild abuse, elder abuse, husband/spousal abuseDating violence, domestic violence, sexual coercionThree-Phase Cycles of ViolenceTension resulting from some minor altercation builds over a period of timeSituation escalates, exploding into another violent episodeViolent person becomes contrite, treating his/her spouse of partner lovingly (honeymoon)Power and Control WheelUsing economic abuseUsing coercion and threatsUsing intimidationUsing emotional abuseUsing isolationUsing childrenMinimizing, denying, and blamingUsing male privilegeWhy Men/Women Do ItFeeling of powerlessnessLack of resourcesInsecurityWhy Victims Put Up With ItFearCultural normsLove, economic dependence, and homes for reformGendered socializationChildhood experiencesLow Self-EsteemSituational Couple ViolenceUsually involves pushing, slapping, and shovingMore prevalent among younger couplesMost mature out of itCouple is very likely to break-upAlso called “arguments that get physical”Intimate Partner AbuseThe physical or emotional abuse of spouses, partners, or former spouses or intimate partners.A pattern of behavior that seeks to establish power and control over another person through fear and intimidationUsually becomes “Intimate Terrorism”Physical AbuseBeating, kicking, pushing, hitting with objects, stabling, strangling, shooting, etc.Can result in serious injuryOccurs in all social sectors, but abused are most likely to be women, young, nonwhite, and less-educated, with lower household incomes.What is the difference between spanking and abusing? Sometimes you don’t know until it’s too late. But, in the state of Florida, if you hit a child and leave a mark that stays more than 24 hours, you have abused them.Children associate hitting with lack of love or disappointment.Children and ViolenceChild abuse or neglect1-800-96-ABUSEHarm or predictable harm to a child under the age of 18 caused by a parent, guardian, or other person responsible for a child’s welfare. Results from assault, willful inattention, and failure to provide the necessities of life.Type of Child MaltreatmentNeglect (59%)—failure to provide basic caretaking obligationsSexual abuse (20%)Physical abuse (19%)—ongoing pattern of bodily injurious actionsEmotional Abuse (7%)—psychological maltreatmentParents are the ones that are primarily causing the maltreatment. A majority of children will not be hurt by strangers but rather by the people that they live with.Most likely if a child is going to get hurt, it will be by someone in their own family or a caregiverThe Nature of Stress and CrisisCrisis: A critical change of events that disrupts the functioning of a person’s
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