Exam 3 Study Guide ( Chapters 11-14; missing 15)Chapter 11: Family Stress and Crisis: Violence among Inmates- The Nature of Stress and Crisis A family crisis, whether positive or negative, can upset all normal routineso Crisis: a critical change or event that disrupts the functioning of the lives of one or more family members. (job loss, arrival of a new baby)o Distress: negative stresso Eustress: positive stress Some form quickly/ unexpectedly (child gets hurt or wife leaves her husband) while others evolve more slowly from family stresso Family stress: the tensions that occur either within the family (violence or alcoholism) or outside the family (coping with a hurricane or natural disaster)o Family stress defers from other types of personal stress because events that affect one family member may ripple through the entire family Transitional stresses: something that has to go with the stages of developmento Stress can be normative or nonnormativeo Normative: such as adjusting to the family changes brought on by the arrival of a new babyo Nonnormative: adjusting to the family changes brought on by caring for a child with a serious disability Stress may be acute or chronico Acute: short-term (cramming for an exam)o Chronic: long-term (having an abusive partner, combining work and family, or having a chronic illness) Situational stress: usually something that is not anticipated but results in material losses(getting your car broken into) Cultural stresses: the ideas and beliefs about your race, ethnicity can result in stress when moving to a new area and learning the norms of that society Nonambiguous: you know the facts and all the answers to your questions regarding a situation (your dog is sick and have to put it to sleep); usually easier to deal with than ambiguous Ambiguous: you do not know what happened, why it happened, or the answers to your questions (someone goes missing) Volitional: stress caused by something that you wanted to do (get your PhD) you know that it is going to be stressful but you want to seek it anyways on your own Nonvolitional: stress that was put onto you by something that you did not want to happen Isolated: something that won’t have any repercussions and you can work through it Cumulative: one stress happens after the other; stress upon stress; personal stress mixed with stress from school and work- Responses To Stress General Adaption Syndrome (GAS): the predictable pattern of one’s body follows when coping with stress, which includes the alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustiono Alarm reaction: the brain perceives a stressor and sends a message to the body,resulting in immediate changes in neurological and physiological states, so that the defensive forces of the body are mobilized for “fight-or-flight”. Metabolism increases Hormone levels rise causing the feeling of anxietyo Resistance: the body continues to battle the stressor by maintaining its elevatedstate of alert. If it continues, the immune system is weakened. o Exhaustion: chronic stress over long periods of time can be dangerous and lead to depression, fatigue, frequent headaches, panic attacks, insomnia, and eating disorders. The stressful situation must be controlled or alleviated for health to improve- Patterns of Family Crises Three distinct phases in family crises:1. The event that causes the crisis2. The period of disorganization that follows3. The reorganization that takes place afterwardso Coping: transformation process rom disorganization to reorganization; the better sources you have, the better you can adapt to a stressful situation Following the crisis, the family may return to a level similar to where they were just before the crisis, be strengthened by the crisis, or they may become weakened by the crisis. Most families experience a “roller coaster” which they experience the crisis and then use it to come back to normal level or function better- Coping or Not: The ABC-X Models ABC-X Model: designed to help us understand differences in family coping during crisiso A: the initial event causing the crisis ( graduation, extramarital affair, moving)o B: the resources a family has to meet the demands of the crisis (social support, money, religious faith, counseling)o C: the meanings families ascribe to the event (human nature, catastrophe, God’swill)o X: depends on the combination of ABC factors Double ABC-X Model: a model designed to help us understand the effects of the accumulation of stressors and crises and how families adapt to themo Double A: refers not only to the initial event, but also the family life changes andtransitions that take place because of ito Double B: includes both the family resources that they already had and the new coping resources the family obtains because of the stress or crisiso Double C: takes into count not only the family’s perception of the stressor itself, but also their perceptions of the aftermath Maladaptation: poor adaptation Adaptation: coping with it Bonadaptation: good adaptation- Violence among Intimates Violence is a social problem First it affects a large number of people Second, violence is not completely random- we can detect particular patterns and risk factors for both victims and perpetrators. Third, the causes, consequences, and solutions of violence must address its macro-level dimensions- Intimate partner Violence Intimate partner violence: refers to violence between those who are physically and sexually intimate. The violence can encompass physical, economic, sexual, or psychological abuse Conflict tactics scale (CTS): a scale based on how people deal with disagreements in relationships CTS found that men are more likely to be victims of physical aggression than women are Men are less likely than women to remember their own acts of violence, and they may not perceive their acts as abusive Women are more likely to experience the most extreme forms of violence Men are more likely commit acts of sexual violence or aggression Women are far more likely to be victims of intimate partner violence than men- Frequency of Intimate Partner Violence Women are two to three times more likely than men to report that an intimate partner threw something at them, pushed, grabbed, or shoved them. Women are 7 to 14 times more likely to report that they had been beaten up, chocked, tied down, threatened with a
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