8 30 13 FAD2230 Families have changed Colonial America families were businesses schools etc they did everything African Americans and slavery Industrialized and urban America separate work and home life immigration poor working class middle upper class Modern America People choose not to have children because of the expense and the amount of work from birth to 18 it cost approx 250 000 to raise a child Definition of family Seccombe 2012 Pg 4 A relationship by blood marriage or affection in which members may Cooperate economically Care for children Consider their identity intimately connected to the larger group Types of family 1 Family of orientation 2 Family of procreation 3 Fictive Kin not related but feel like family Functions of family o Regulation of sexual behavior o Reproducing and socializing children socialization teaching someone the way of society o Property and inheritance o Economic cooperation and provision social placement status and roles o Care warmth protection and intimacy Chapter 2 Social Status Sex and Gender 9 6 13 Key Terms Sex Biological characteristics male and female anatomy determined at birth Gender Culturally defined attitudes and behaviors associated with the expected of the two sexes What it means to be masculine or feminine Gender Role The expectations about the appropriate masculine and feminine attitudes and behaviors defined by society does not necessarily correspond with one s sex Socialization The process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes beliefs values and expectations Gender Identity the degree to which an individual see him or herself as a feminine or masculine based on society s definition of appropriate gender roles Gender Roles Agentic instrumental Role traditional masculine characteristics Communal Expressive Role traditional female characteristics Androgyny an n between role have both traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine characteristics Women Brain Spaghetti Man Brain Waffle Nature Vs Nuture Heredity Vs Environment These are the debates concerning how gender roles are acquired Do we learn them nurture environment Are we born knowing our roles nature heredity 9 9 13 These are various ideas about how we get to know what gender we are and we gender They are mostly based on a early childhood developmental perspective Many of the theories incorporate aspects of nature and nurture Social Learning Theory Bandura 1977 Children learn gender roles from parents siblings school and the media who serve as role models for masculine and feminine behaviors Children imitate models and are rewarded for sex appropriate Self identification theory Kohlberg 1966 Child becomes aware of being either male or female around age 3 Children categorize themselves be identifying behaviors that appropriate to their sex Children socialize themselves from available cultural materials Gender Schema Theory Bem 1981 Children develop a basis of knowledge about how girls and boys behave Once this framework is developed this schema influences how the child processes new information The child will retain gender consistent information easier than gender inconsistent information Chodorow 1978 children develop a primary identification with their caregiver Chodorow s Theory of Gender usually the mother caregiver Females develop an identity and model behaviors from their relationship with their Males do not identify with opposite sex caregiver and must separate early to develop their identity and characteristics of detachment and independence Chapter 2 American Families in Social Context Race Ethnicity Race implies a biological distinct group based on physical features Scientific thinking rejects the idea that there are separate races distinguished by biological markers Race is a social construction We are all part of the human race What does ethnicity really mean Ethnicity is national heritage language religion values Link between ethnicity and socioeconomic status Yearly income Education Geographic location Values Within group diversity Remember that within each racial category that there is diversity between the groups Caribbean and African blacks are different Koreans Japanese Chinese etc A higher proportion of black children 32 than those of other ethnic groups live in African Americans SES and labor poverty Black women have traditionally been employed African Americans Marriage Far more likely to have never married Married blacks have more egalitarian gender roles than do whites Divorce rates are higher High rates of incarceration poorer health and higher mortality has affected the sex ratio of African American men African Americans Children and family Blacks are more than twice as likely as whites to suffer the death of an infant 68 4 of births to unmarried mothers in 2002 The family system is child focused Kin networks extend beyond the nuclear family unit Latino Hispanic SES and labor 29 of Latino children are poor Education levels are low 57 graduated high school Hispanic culture of hard work ethic mat draw individuals into the labor market Females likely to be in the work force Latino Hispanic Marriage and families As likely as whites to be married and less likely to be divorced Familistic values Catholic religious values explain for higher fertility rates Larger households than any other ethnic group Lower infant mortality rates than whites Asian islander SES and labor Often termed model minority because of strong educational attainment high representation in upper management and family incomes which are the highest of all racial ethnic groups Less residentially segregated than any other ethnic group Asian islander marriage and children Lower divorce rates Power in families range from male dominance to egalitarianism Have higher rate of interracial marriage Teen and nonmarital birth rates are very low Lower fertility rate Lower infant mortality rates than whites Native Americans High infant mortality rate Tend to marry at younger ages than blacks and whites Have higher rates of cohabitation Higher proportion of divorce Respect for elders as leaders and mentors White Families SES and Labor Privileged Sense of privilege or entitlement that white individuals have that they don t know they have blissfully unaware Ex Greeting cards with white people flesh colored band aids pantyhose Value privacy Independence rugged individualistic type of value Higher SES and higher education Middle class traditional gender roles even when both
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