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Family Stress and Crisis: Violence among IntimatesPower and Violence in Marriages and FamiliesWhat is power?Who has power?Who doesn’t have power?Types of PowerCoercive PowerPower individuals have to punish another individual, to force them to do something with the threat of punishmentReward PowerOpposite of coercive powerPower the individual have the ability to reward someoneMonetarily, praise, affection, attentionExpert PowerIndividual has of a person when someone has expertise in a certain areaProfessor over studentsInformational PowerPower you have when someone has information the other person doesn’t haveCould be blackmailOr hear over the radio about smoking, heard info and told other personReferent PowerType of power an individual who doesn’t have power gives to a person in more authorityWe have referent power for the President of the USLegitimate PowerType of power given to someone by another body, person, or entityPolice Officer – given power by the state of Fl to arrest other peopleMarital PowerFirst studied in the 1950’sBlood and Wolfe: interviewed wives only and asked about who has power to make decisions in the relationshipResource hypothesis: the spouse with more resources has more power in marriageWhat resources do spouses bring?Men - paychecks, supporting the family, protection,Women - love, caring, nurturing, cooking and cleaningStudy ResultsMost families (72%) had “relatively egalitarian” decision-making structure25%: Husbands made decisions3%: Wives made decisionsCriticisms of StudyWhat domains men and women have power overWomen: food, shopping, cleaningHusbands: where they live, jobs, finances“Having the power to make trivial decisions is not the same as having the power to make important ones”Resources and GenderMen tend to have more resources:MoneyEducationStatusPhysical strengthAlternatives to marriageBachelorsLarger pool of eligible’s aka younger womenOkay for them not to have childrenPursue their careerWomen tend to be most equal with men at the beginning of the marriageFirst pregnancy and birth diminishes women’s resourcesFemale may take time off and lose incomeDependent on males to be father and earnerHave less energy to resist dominance of husbandCulture, Resources, and GenderResource theory does not explain everythingCulture gives husbands absolute legitimate powerInteraction of legitimate and resource powerLegitimacy and ResourcesCulture gives power + husbands greater resources = husband dominantCulture gives power + husbands less resources = husband dominantCulture does not give power + husband greater resources = husband probably dominantCulture does not give power + husband less resources = egalitarian marriage or wife-dominantPower and Social ClassMost classes perceive that they have egalitarian marriagesUpper class – least likely to be egalitarianWhy would middle class marriages be egalitarian?Probably likely that both partners have to work, so if both resources are vital to the family, they will both have powerWhy would lower class marriages be egalitarian?Same with middle class ^Future of Marital PowerWorking women are happier in their marriagesMore financial freedomPsychosocial benefitsGo to work, develop their own identityMutually economically dependent couplesCouples in which each partner earns 40 to 50% of the couples incomeWomen’s resources may be increase in value:CaringEmotional supportWarmthNurturingEquality between men and women may occur in overall societyFour Couple TypesHeterosexual married, Heterosexual cohabitating, Lesbian, and GayMarried and cohabitating heterosexuals least egalitarianGay and Lesbian share domestic duties more (including child-rearing)Gays more competitive; Lesbians more relationally focusedTypes of MarriagesPeer marriages60/40Near peer marriagesInfluences by arrival of children and maximizing incomeTraditional marriagesHusband dominated, but wife okay with itPower and IntimacyIntimacy is greatest when power is equalNo power = equal power in relationshipSeek to negotiate and compromise, not to winPower PoliticsHow do spouses exert power in a marriage?Leaving/threateningWithholding/distancingPouting/sulkingInfidelityAccumulation of power politics leads to loneliness and distance in marriageAlternatives to Power PoliticsPartners take charge of separate domainsMay decrease intimacyReinforces “separateness”Subordinate spouse disengages from power strugglesMore powerful partner relinquish some power to save or enhance the marriageFamily Violence“All forms of abuse have at their center the exploitation of a power difference”Child abuse, elder abuse, husband abuseDating violence, domestic violence, sexual coercionThree-phase Cycle of ViolenceTension resulting from some minor altercation builds over a period of timeSituation escalates, exploding into another violence episodeViolent person becomes contrite, treating his/her spouse of partner lovinglyWhy “abusers” Do It?Feelings of powerlessnessLack of resourcesInsecurityAny other explanations?Why “Victims” Put Up With It?FearCultural NormsLove, Economic Dependence, and Hopes for ReformGendered SocializationChildhood ExperiencesLow Self-EsteemTypes of ViolenceIntimate partner violenceViolence committed by spouses, ex-spouses, or current or former boyfriends or girlfriends, including same-sex partnersPatriarchal terrorismControlling the partner through fear and intimidationCommon couple violenceMutual violence with a specific argumentChildren and ViolenceChild AbuseEmotionalPhysicalSexualChild NeglectIncestSibling Violence1-800-96-ABUSE (Florida Abuse Hotline)The Nature of Stress and CrisisCrisis: A critical change of events that disrupts the functioning of a person’s lifeStress and crisis are NOT the same thingFamily Stress: Tensions that tests a family’s emotional resourcesAcute Stress: Short-term stressSmall things in dealing with children that are stressful but are a part of the whole raising children chronic stressChronic Stress: Long-term stressEx: raising childrenTen most common family stressors:Finances and budgetingChildren’s behaviorInsufficient time as a “couple”Lack of shared responsibility in familyCommunication with childrenInsufficient time for “me”Guilt for not accomplishing moreRelationship with spouseInsufficient family “play time”Overscheduled family calendarPatterns of Family Stress3 distinct phases1. The event that causes the crisis2. The period of disorganization that follows3. The


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FSU FAD 2230 - Family Development Final Exam Study Guide

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