FAD 2230 Exam 3 Study Guide PowerPoint Notes Lecture Notes Chapter 14 Families and the Work They Do The Changing Dynamics of the Workplace o Early America o Trends in Child Labor Work of the family was everything needed to Family based economy whole family works maintain the home make clothing find food etc together to survive Industrial Revolution led to family wage economy someone went out and earned a wage pay and exchanged it for goods needed In early America children had to contribute in the home Industrial America children were working in unsafe conditions Developed Child Labor Laws During Industrial period middle class women could In early America women had to work in the home stay in the home instead of working Lower class women and minority women had to work outside the home for wages The Changing Occupational Structure o Women s Labor Force Participation Employment Status of Mothers by Marital Status 1970 2007 o Today the majority of mothers work outside the home for pay regardless of marital status although there has been a slight decline in recent years Widowed divorced or separated mothers have Generally increase in the number of working mothers always worked Mother s Employment by Age of Youngest Child by Race Ethnicity 2008 o The majority of mothers with children 0 2 or 0 6 work o When children are young mothers work less than when o Mothers return to the workforce after their children go to outside the home except among Hispanic groups their children are older school o Hispanic women although they do work outside the home do so less when they have children as compared to other racial groups Is the Increase in Working Mothers with Young Children Generally a Good Thing for Society a Bad Thing for Society or Doesn t It Make Much Difference o Although the majority of adults say that working moms are either a good thing for society or do not make much difference a sizable minority see working moms as a bad thing for society o Similarity between men and women about attitudes on this topic o Working moms say that working outside of the home is a bad thing Means they may not like working outside of the home or experience the stresses of working outside of the home Family Work at Home o The division of household labor Household Labor in general the unpaid work done to maintain family members and or a home Routine Household Labor Nondiscretionary routine tasks that cannot be postponed such as cooking washing dishes or cleaning time flexible and more discretionary such as household repairs yard care or paying bills Occasional Labor household tasks that are more Can put these off or decide when you want to do them engage more in routine and men engage Women more in occasional o Renegotiating Family Work o Who Does What Housework Childcare Men s share of domestic work has increased although women have most of the responsibility Men and women do not have the same perceptions about who does the childcare Both overestimate what they do and feel like they do more than their partner Men are saying they are doing so much more but women say that they are doing more but not that much more o Leisure Time in Hours Mothers and Fathers Fathers report an extra hour or two of leisure compared to mothers In general father s have more leisure time than mothers Probably related to childcare and housework o Explanations for the Gendered Division of Labor Time Availability Perspective Suggests the division of labor is largely determined by the need for household labor and each partner s availability to perform household tasks Wouldn t account for why mother s that work full time working mothers still do more household labor than fathers Relative Resources Perspective The greater the relative amount or value of resources contributed by a partner the greater is his or her power within the relationship which can then be translated into bargaining to avoid tasks such as housework that offer no pay and minimal social prestige If full time working mother makes less than full time working father than she might feel need to make up for this with more household labor Gender Perspective Doing Gender We do things based on our biology or cultural that has been passed along about what women should do in the home and what men should do Juggling Work and Family Life o Conflict Overload and Spillover Work Family Conflict A form of tension under Role Overload Feeling overwhelmed by many which people feel that the pressures from paid work and family roles are incompatible in some way different commitments and not having enough time to meet each commitment effectively Spillover An occurrence caused by the demands involved in one sphere of work carrying over into work in another sphere Can occur where work issues affect things at home or home issues affect things at work Percentage of Fathers and Mothers in Dual Earner Couples Reporting Work Family Conflict 1977 2008 o Work family conflict is common and is reported more often by men than women o Women have felt about the same amount of work family conflict however there has been a large increase in men Probably due to the expectation for men to contribute in the home The Preferred Work Status of Mothers 1997 2007 o Mothers nowadays seem to favor part time over full o At home mothers are very satisfied with not working and time work and stay at home mothers are increasingly satisfied with their arrangement working mothers would like to work part time even though they are okay with working This affects how satisfied they are Who s Minding the Kids o Preschool Age Children provide childcare Daycare Centers Nonresidential facilities that Business facilities usually a staff to student ratio What s good is there is a set of rules regulations adequate staff child gets socialization more prone to colds etc Negatives are lack of one on one attention and Family Childcare Providers Private homes other than the child s home where childcare is provided What s beneficial is there is a lower staff to student ratio so there is more one on one attention for child and more flexibility Negatives are that there is only one person no one to relieve them no one to verify what they are doing Nannies Babysitters Non relatives that provide Come into your home and follow your routine Children are in their own environment and get Negative is that you can t be certain what is childcare in the home and regulation to play with their own toys happening o Childcare Arrangements of Preschoolers
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