EXAM 3 MATERIALChapter 11: Family Stress and Crisis: Violence among IntimatesThe Nature of Stress and Crisis• Crisis: A critical change of events that disrupts the functioning of a person’s lifeo Sometimes will occur unexpectedlyo Likely to arise out of stress Normative Stressors: things that happen to the majority of people (Ex: having a baby) Non-normative Stressors: things that are not necessarily expected (Ex: if you have a child that dies) • Family Stress: Tensions that test a family’s emotional resourceso Differs from other types of personal stress because events that affect one member, such as an illness, may ripple through the entire family• Acute Stress: Short-term stresso Ex: cramming for an exam, planning a wedding• Chronic Stress: Long-term stresso Really test the family’s resourceso More likely to lead to family crisisTable 11.1 The 10 Most Common Family Stressors• Finances and budgeting• Children’s behavior• Insufficient time as a “Couple” • Lack of shared responsibility in family• Communication with children• Insufficient time for “me”• Guilt for not accomplishing more• Relationship with spouse• Insufficient family “Play time”• Overscheduled family calendarThe Nature of Stress and Crisis• Responses to Stresso General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): The predictable pattern one’s body follows when coping with stress, which includes the alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion Alarm Reaction: first stage• Brain perceives a stressor and sends a message to the body, resulting in immediate changes in neurological and physiological states, so that the defensive forces of the body are mobilized for “fight or flight” • Our normal state of balance is upset as the body responds to a perceived threat• Metabolism increases and hormone levels rise Resistance: 2nd stage• Body continues to battle the stressor by maintaining its elevated state of alert Exhaustion: 3rd stage• Chronic stress over long periods can be dangerous and can lead to depression, fatigue, frequent headaches, panic attacks, insomnia and eating disorders• The Social Readjustment Rating Scale: A scale of major life events over the past year, each of which is assigned a point value • Patterns of Family Criseso 3 Distinct Phases1. The event that causes the crisis2. The period of disorganization that follows3. The reorganization that takes place afterwards• Coping or Not: The ABC-X Modelso ABC-X Model: A model designed to help us understand the variation in the ways that families cope with stress and crisis What does a family need in order to deal with a significant crisis? **REFER TO FIGURE 11.2• A= Stressor Evento Initial event causing the crisis• B= Internal Family Resources/Formal and Social Supportso Resources a family has to meet the demands of the crisis• C= Family’s Perception of the Evento How do they view the event as a whole • X= Family CRISIS? o The amount of crisis that happens with the familyo Depend upon the combination of ABC actors—the type of crisis itself, the resources of the family, and their perceptions of and meanings they associate with the crisis o Double ABC-X Model: A model designed to help us understand the effects of the accumulation of stresses and crises and how families adapt to them Idea of “When it rains, it pours” in SOME cases• Have a harder time adjusting Aa= Pile-up• Refers not only to the initial event, but also to family life changes and transitions that take places because of it bB= Existing and New Resources• Includes both the resources the family already has and the new coping resources the family obtains because of the stress or crisis cC= Family’s Perception • Takes into account not only the family’s perception of the stressor itself, but also their perceptions of the aftermathIntimate Partner Violence• Intimate Partner Violence: Defined as violence between those who are physically and sexually intimate, such as spouses or partnerso Can encompass physical, economic, sexual, or psychological abuse • How We Define and Measure Intimate Partner Violenceo Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS): A scale based on how people deal with disagreements in relationships 3 different ways to measure• 1. Non-aggressive responses: have a problem, calmly discuss the issues; even if you raise your voice you’re sticking to the issues• 2. Psychologically aggressive response: You’re insulting the other person; typically your character assaults, trying to make them feel bad• 3. Physically aggressive response: during an argument you throw something at them, hit them, shove them Assumes there’s always an argument when violence occurs• Not always the case though Are Men or Women More Likely to Be Victims? Bias and the CTS• Women are more likely to be victims of domestic violence• Men are less likely than women to remember their own acts of violence, and they may not perceive their acts as abusive• Frequency of Intimate Partner Violenceo About 4.8 million incidents of intimate partner violence occur among women ages 18 and older each yearo Intimate partner violence also accounts for nearly 2 million injuries and 1,500 deaths in the US every yearo Huge under-reported crime in men being abused in relationships Problems • If you see a girl hit a guy, you don’t say anything or intervene BUT if the situation were reversed, many people would step ino Men being abused isn’t as unusual as you may thinko There’s a double standard• TABLE 11.2o Women are 3 times as likely as men to be assaulted by an intimate partner• Types of Intimate Partner Violenceo Common Couple Violence When the violence arises out of a specific argument Lashes out physically Less frequent than other types and less likely to escalate or cause severe injuryo Intimate Terrorism Classified by the control of another partner People want to control the inner and outer systems It’s more likely than other types of violence to escalate over time and to cause serious injury and post-traumatic stress syndromeo Violent Resistance Considered self defense Research is scarce but those who put up violent resistance are almost always womeno Mutual Violent Control When both people have controlling and violent behavior• Stalking and Cyber stalking• Consequences of Intimate Partner Violenceo Can be physical o Doesn’t always result it death, but it
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