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FAD 2230Family Relationships: A Lifestyle Development ApproachWith Dr. Nari JeterExam 3 Study GuideChapter 11: Family Stress & Crisis: Violence Among IntimatesThe Nature of Stress & Crisis:Family Stress: tensions that test a family’s resources.Crisis: a critical change of events that disrupts the functioning of a person’s life.Acute Stress: short-term stressors (ex: sickly or whiny children; picky eaters)Chronic Stress: long-term stressors (ex: having children in general)Ten Most Common Family Stressors:#1. Finances#2. Children#3. Insufficient time as a couple#4. Unshared responsibility in family #5. Communication with children#6. Insufficient “me” time#7. Guilt for not accomplishing more#8. Relationship with spouse#9. Insufficient family “play time”#10. Over scheduling family calendarPatterns of Family Crisis:-Three Distinct Phases:#1. The event that causes the crisis#2. Period of disorganization that follows#3. Reorganization afterwards-Ex: divorce can be a type of crisis. The process of divorce, relocating, emotional and filial ties, etc. is the time of disorganization. The restructuring of lives following divorce would be the period of reorganization.Five Patterns of the Effects of Stress/Conflict on Family Functioning:When crisis strikes in a family, the stressors and conflict can effect the functioning of the family dynamic. The graphs are listed in the book.No Change in Functioning: 15% constant functioning through crisis.Increased Functioning: 18% heightened functioning through crisis.Decreased Functioning: 5% decreased functioning through crisis.Roller Coaster Functioning: 51% decrease then increased functioning through crisis.Mixed Functioning: 11% a mixture of having increased, decreased, a plateaued functioning throughout the crisis process.Coping or Not: The ABC-X Model: a number of elements affect how a family fares in crisis. “A” factors: factors causing the crisis of initial event. (ex: graduation, affairs, moving cross-country)“B” factors: resources of family to meet the demands of the crisis. (ex: social support, money, religion, counseling, etc.)“C” factors: the meaning families ascribe to the event (ex: human nature,catastophe, God’s will)“X” factors: the outcome. Depends on the combination of the ABC factors.The Double ABC-X Model:Accumulation of stressors, or stressor causing multiple effects.Double “A”: the initial event as well as the family life changes and transitions due to the event.Double “B”: The resources the family has and the new coping resources gained through crisis.Double “C”: Perception of stressor and perceptions of the aftermath of crisis. Violence Among Intimates:Intimate Partner Violence: violence between those who are physically and sexually intimate (spouses and partners). Violence can encompass physical, economic, sexual, or psychological abuse.Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS): -non-aggressive responses: discussed calmly-psychologically aggressive responses: argumentative, insults, swearing, stomping away, action done in spite-physically aggressive responses: threatening, throwing objects, pushing,grabbing, slapping, beating, choking, kicking, knifing, etc.-According to the CTS women are more likely to commit physically aggressive responses. However, men are less likely to remember their violent acts and are also less likely to view their acts as violent. CTS onlymeasures violence following an argument, not random or purposeless acts of violence, which is more frequently committed by males. Also, CTS does not measure sexual violence, which is far more prevalent among men. Common Couple Violence: arises from argument. At least one lashes out violently. (less frequent and less likely to lead to injury).Intimate Terrorism: violence motivated to control the other. (more likely to escalate and more likely to cause injury).Violent Resistance: non-legal term for self-defense. Almost always women. (may indicate the woman may leave abusive partner in the nearfuture.Mutual Violent Control: both partners are controlling in a violent battle for control.Learned Helplessness:-Condition of having low self-esteem, feeling helpless and having no control that is caused by repeated abuse. -This is done by blaming the victim, inducing shame, lowering self-esteem, creating financial dependency, isolating the civtim, threatening retaliation, exploiting love and hope, exploiting commitment to relationship, creating fear of abandonment. Child and Elderly Abuse:Child Abuse: done through neglect of a child or breaking social norms of child care, physical abuse, psychological abuse, or sexual abuse.Elderly Abuse: done through physical abuse, psychological abuse, financial and material exploitation and neglect.Microlevel Explanations of Abuse: Intergenerational transmission of violence. Having been abused or witnessing crisis or abuse as a child and transferring it to later life.Macrolevel Explanations of Abuse: views on patriarchy (viewing father’sas omni-powerful and justifying their abuse of power), cultural norms support violence, and norms of family privacy.Chapter 12: The Process of DivorceU.S. Divorce Rates:-40-50% divorce rate-50% of divorce from first marriage-65% from second marriagesCalculation of Divorce Rates:Crude Divorce Rate: the number of divorces per 1,00 random people in a population sample.Refined Divorce Rate: a measure of divorce per every 1,00 married women in a sample population.Reasons for Divorce:- Various factors bind marriages together (economic interdependence; legal, social, and moral constraints; spouse’s relationship)- Some of these binds are weakening - Wives now in the labor force (less economic dependency)- High expectations of marriage lead to disappointments. Changed nature of marriage; decreased social, legal and moral constraints, intergenerational transmission of divorce. - Remarried mates: more likely to divorceCohabitation: more likely to divorcePremarital Pregnancy: more likely to divorceRemaining Child-Free: more likely to divorce (less ties)Race and Ethnicity: dependentStepchildren: more likely to divorceAge Difference: (9+ years) more likely to divorceDivorcees (Compared to Marrieds):- Lower levels of life satisfaction- Generally more negative moods- Poorer physical health- More depressed- Somewhat more inclined to suicide-However those in unhappy marriages tend to be more depressed than divorces.Getting the Divorce:-Emotional Divorce: not saying ‘I love you’-Legal


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