FAD 2230 Families Have Changed 03 18 2015 Colonial America families were businesses schools churches and correctional health and welfare institutions o African Americans and slavery Industrialized and urbanized America separate work and home life waves of immigration o Poor working class middle and upper class Modern America o Examples of families in the media 1950 s Leave it to Beaver 1970 s The Brady Bunch 1980 s The Cosby Show 1990 s Friends 2000 The Osbournes 2014 Kardashians Super Nanny Chapter 1 Why study families and other close relationships Types of Families Family of Orientation no choice born into this family Family of Procreation the family you make through marriage partnership and or parenthood Fictive Kin people you consider family Functions of Family Regulation of sexual behavior Reproducing and socializing children Property and inheritance Economic cooperation and provision Social placement status and roles Care worth protection and intimacy Chapter 2 Race Ethnicity distinguished by biological markers Race is a social construction Minority Groups Race implies a biological distinct group based on physical features Scientific thinking rejects the idea that there are separate races The term minority implies that persons in those groups experience some disadvantage exclusion or discrimination in American society as compared to the dominant group non Hispanic White Americans o African Americans Remember that w in each racial category that there is diversity between the groups Caribbean and African Blacks are different Koreans Japanese Chinese etc African Americans Higher proportion of black children 32 than those of other ethnic groups live in poverty an infant Blacks are more than twice as likely as whites to suffer the death of 68 4 of births to unmarried mothers in 2002 Kin networks extend beyond the nuclear family Married blacks have more egalitarian gender roles than do whites Divorce rates are higher Far more than likely to have never married Black women have traditionally been employed Higher rates of incarceration poorer health and higher mortality has affected the sex ration of African American men Latino Hispanic Families More the half of the recent growth of the Hispanic population is due to international migration 29 Latino children are in poverty Education levels are low 57 graduate high school Hispanic culture of hard work ethic may draw individual into labor market As likely as whites to be married and less likely to be divorced Familistic values Catholic religious values explain for higher fertility rates Larger households than any other ethnic group Lower infant mortality rates than whites Females likely to be in the work force Asian Islander Families Lower divorce rates Lower infant mortality rates than whites Teen and non marital birth rates are very low Lower fertility rate Have higher rates of intermarriage Less residentially segregated than other ethnic groups High infant mortality rate Tend to marry at younger ages than blacks and whites Have higher rates of cohabitation Higher proportion of divorce Respect for elders as leaders and mentors Native Americans White families 68 of population More likely to be a married couple Less likely to have extended family living with them On average have lover fertility rates Less likely to take care of their elderly family Less likely to ask family for help with children Privileged Value privacy Key Terms Sex biological characteristics male and female anatomy determined at birth Gender culturally defined attitude and behaviors associated with and expected of the two sexes What it means to be masculine or feminine Gender role the expectations about appropriate masculine and feminine attitudes and behaviors defined by society does not necessarily correspond with one s sex Socialization the process by which society influences member to internalize attitude beliefs values and expectations Gender identity the degree to which an individual sees him or herself as feminine or masculine based on society s definition of appropriate gender roles Agentic Instrumental Role traditionally masculine characteristics Communal Expressive Role traditionally female characteristics sensitive caring nurturing warm Androgyny an in between role have both traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine characteristics Nature vs Nurture Heredity vs Environment These are the debates concerning how gender roles are acquired Do we learn them nurture environment Are we born knowing our roles nature heredity Theories of Gender Socialization These are various ideas about how we get to know what gender They are mostly based on an early childhood developmental behaviors we express perspective Many of the theories incorporate aspects of nature and nurture Social Learning Theory Bandura 1977 Children learn gender roles from parents siblings school and the media who serve as models for masculine and feminine behaviors Children imitate models and are rewarded for sex appropriate behavior Self Identification Theory Kohlberg 1966 child becomes aware of being either male of female around age 3 Children categorize themselves by identifying behaviors that are appropriate to their sex Children socialize themselves from available cultural materials Gender Schema Theory Ben 1981 Children develop a basis of knowledge about how girls and boys behave filter retain something and let other things pass through Either this is for my gender or not Once this framework is developed this schema influences how the child processes new information The child will retain gender consistent information easier than gender inconsistent information Chodorow s Theory of Gender Chodorow 1978 Children develop a primary identification with their caregiver usually the mother Females develop an identity and model behaviors from their relationship with their caregiver Males do not identify with opposite sex caregiver and must separate early to develop their identity and characteristics of detachment and independence Chapter 3 Social Exchange Theory Based upon the philosophical perspective of utilitarianism Utilitarianism is when individuals rationally weight the rewards and costs of their behavioral choices In Exchange Theory humans are motivated out of self interest is what induces a person to act Motivation Theory Assumptions The individual is real Prediction and understanding come about by understanding the individual s motivation Based upon individuals choices not outside
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