1 Key Terms a Sex biological characteristics male and female anatomy determined at birth i Get clues of sex from other characteristics such as more rounded face for females and culturally defined attitudes and behaviors associated with and expected of the 2 sexes longer hair different body types b Gender c Gender Role d Socialization Changes over time and culture What it means to be masculine or feminine i defined by society does not necessarily correspond with one s sex values and expectations based on society s definition of appropriate gender roles characteristics traditionally masculine characteristics traditionally feminine characteristics f Agentic Instrumental Role g Communal Expressive Role h Androgyny e Gender Identity expectations about appropriate masculine and feminine attitudes and behaviors process by which society influences members to internalize attitudes beliefs degree to which an individual sees him or herself as feminine or masculine an in between role have both traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine 2 Nature v Nurture Heredity v Environment a How gender roles are acquired b Combo of both 3 Theories of Gender Socialization a Most are based on an early childhood developmental perspective b Many theories incorporate aspects of nature and nurture c Social Learning Theory i Bandura 1977 Children learn gender roles from parents siblings school and the media who serve as models for masculine and feminine behaviors e Gender Schema Theory d Self Identification Theory ii Children imitate models and are rewarded for sex appropriate behaviors i Kohlberg 1966 Children become aware of being either male or female around age three ii Children categorize themselves by identifying behaviors that are appropriate to their sex iii Children socialize themselves from available cultural materials i ii Once this framework is developed this schema influences how the child processes new info iii The child will retain gender consistent info easier than gender inconsistent info i Bern 1981 Children develop a basis of knowledge about how girls and boys behave Chodorow 1978 Children develop a primary identification with their caregiver usually the mother f Chodorow s Theory of Gender ii Females develop an identity and model behaviors from their relationship with their iii Males don t identify with opposite sex caregiver and must separate early to develop their identity and characteristics of detachment and independence a Race implies a biological distinct group based on physical features b Scientific thinking rejects the idea that there are separate races distinguished by biological c Race is a social construction we defined it caregiver 4 Race Ethnicity markers 5 Minority Groups a Minority implies that persons in those groups experience some disadvantage exclusion or discrimination in America society as compared to the dominant group non Hispanic White Americans i African Americans ii Hispanics iii American Indians iv Asians v Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders 6 Within Group Diversity a Within each racial category there is a diversity between the groups b Caribbean and African blacks are very different c Koreans Japanese Chinese etc 7 African Americans a A higher proportion of black children 32 than those of other ethnic groups live in poverty b Blacks are more than twice as likely as whites to suffer the death of an infant c 68 4 of births to unmarried mothers in 2002 d Kin networks extend beyond the nuclear family unit e Married blacks have more egalitarian gender roles than do whites f Divorce rates are higher g Far more likely to have never married h Black women have traditionally been employed i High rates of incarceration poorer health and higher mortality have affected the sex ratio of African American men Familistic values 8 Latino Hispanic Families a More than half of the recent growth of the Hispanic population is due to international migration b 29 of Latino children are in poverty levels c Education levels are low 57 graduated high school d Hispanic culture of hard work ethic may draw individuals into the labor market e As likely as whites to be married and less likely to divorce f g Catholic religious values explain for higher fertility rates h Larger households than any other ethnic group i j a Fastest growing of all ethnic groups b Often termed model minority because of strong educational attainment high representation in upper management and family incomes which are the highest of all racial ethnic groups Lower divorce rates Lower infant mortality rates than whites Females likely to be in the workforce 9 Asian Islander Families Lower fertility rate c d Lower infant mortality rates than whites e Teen and nonmarital birth rates are very low f g Have higher rates of intermarriage h Less residentially segregated than other ethnic groups a High infant mortality rate b Tend to marry at younger ages than blacks or whites c Have higher rates of cohabitation 10 Native Americans 11 White Families d Higher proportion of divorce e Respect for elders as leaders and mentors a 68 of population b More likely to be a married couple c d On average have lower fertility rates e Less likely to take care of their elderly family f g Privileged White Privilege whites take things for granted without thinking about it h Value privacy Less likely to have extended family living with them Less likely to ask family for help with children
View Full Document
Unlocking...