FAD 2230 Lecture Notes I Chapter One Why Study Families and Other Close Relationships A Families Have Changed 1 Colonial America a Families were businesses schools churches and correctional health and welfare institutions 1 Everything was done at home b African Americans slavery 2 Industrialized and Urbanized America a Separate work and home life 1 Classes a Poor b Working c Middle d Upper 2 When the idea of man going to work and bring home the bacon while woman staying home and taking care of household emerges b Waves of Immigration 1 Idea of not having to work as hard to survive dew them in 3 Modern America a Economy shapes families b Service technology based c Technology is bringing work home together again B TV Show Perception of Families 1 1950s Leave It to Beaver a Stay at home mom b Dad works 9 to 5 hours no college degree education c Perfect life 1 Kids connected to mom 2 No divorces 2 1970s The Brady Bunch a Integrated two families 1 Mother with three daughters 2 Father with three sons b Upper class 1 Live in maid nanny c One happy family 3 1980s The Cosby Show a Black family 1 Unknown what happened to other biological parent b Upper class 1 Father Cliff is a doctor 2 Mother Claire is a lawyer c Educated d Mom made decisions 1 Emergence of the strong black woman e Values always put family first 4 1990s FRIENDS a People single and dating b Friends can be just friends c Girls could be single and dating while still being content d Supportive 1 Financially 2 Emotionally a Never worried about money a They were there for each other 5 2000s The Osbournes a They cussed and swore b Had unrelateble problems c Wealthy d Despite everything they are a happy family and love each other e Realistic 6 2013 a What show s characterized our changing ideas about families today 1 Modern Family a Gay parents b Big age difference 2 The Kardashians 3 16 Pregnant 4 The Bachelor 1 Cheerios commercial a Biracial families b How is media showing diversity in our families C Family Definitions 1 1945 Burgess and Locke a A group of persons united by the ties of marriage blood or adoption constituting in a single household interacting and communicating with each other in the respective social roles husband and wife mother and father son and daughter brother and sister and creating maintaining a common culture 2 2012 Seccomte a A relationship by blood marriage or affection in which members cooperate economically care for children and consider their identity intimately connected to the large group D Types of Families 1 Family of Orientation a Family born into 2 Family of Procreation a Family created 3 Fictive Kin a People really close to family b Not related but considered family E Functions of Family 1 Regulation of sexual behavior 2 Reproducing and socializing children a Raising and teaching ways of society 3 Property and inheritance 4 Economic cooperation and provision providing 5 Social placement status and roles 6 Care warmth protection and intimacy II Chapter Two Social Status Sex and Gender A Sex and Gender 1 Key Terms a Sex 1 Biological characteristics male and female anatomy 2 Determined at birth b Gender role 1 Culturally defined attitudes and behaviors associated with sex and expected of the two sexes 2 What it means to be masculine and feminine c Socialization d Gender identity 1 The expectation about appropriate masculine and feminine attitudes and behaviors defined by society 1 The degree by which society influences members to internalize attitudes beliefs values and expectations e Agentic instrumental role 1 Traditionally masculine characteristics f Communal expressive role 1 Traditionally feminine characteristics g Androgyny 1 An in between role have both traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine characteristics 2 Nature vs Nurture Hereditary vs Environment a There are debates concerning how gender roles are acquired 1 Nurture vs environment a Do we learn them 2 Nature vs hereditary 3 Theories of Gender Socialization a Are we born knowing our roles a There are various ideas about how we get to know what gender we are and what gender behaviors we express b Mostly based on an early childhood development perspective c Many theories incorporate aspects of nature vs nurture d Social Learning Theory 1 Bandura 1977 children learn gender roles from parents siblings school and media who serves as models for masculine and feminine behaviors 2 Children imitate models and are rewarded for sex appropriate behaviors e Self Identification Theory 1 Kohlburg 1966 children become aware of being either male or 2 Children categorize themselves by identifying behaviors that are female around age three appropriate to their sex 3 Children socialize themselves from available cultural materials f Gender Schema Theory 1 Bem 1981 children develop a basis of knowledge about how boys and girls behave 2 Once this framework is developed this schema influences how the child processes information 3 The child will retain gender consistent information easier than gender inconsistent information g Chodorow s Theory of Gender 1 Chodorow 1978 Children develop a primary identification with their caregiver usually the mother 2 Females develop an identity and model behaviors from their relationship with their caregiver 3 Males do not identify with the opposite sex caregiver and must separate early to develop their identity and characteristics of detachment and independence B American Families in Social Context 1 Race and Ethnicity a Race 1 Implies a biological distinct group based on physical features 2 Is a social construction a Scientific thinking rejects the idea that there are separate races distinguished by biological markers b All one race human race b What does ethnicity really mean 1 Ethnicity is national heritage language religion values etc 2 Links between ethnicity and socioeconomic status a Yearly income b Education c Geographical location d values 2 Within Group Diversity a Within each racial category there is diversity between the groups 1 Caribbean and African blacks are different 2 Koreans Japanese Chinese etc 3 African American a SES and Labor 1 Higher proportion of black children 32 or 1 in 3 live in poverty than those of any ethnic group 2 Black women have traditionally been employed b Marriage 1 Far more likely to have never married 2 Married blacks have more egalitarian equal gender roles than whites do 3 Divorce rates are higher 4 High rates of incarceration poorer health and higher mortality has
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