AMH 2097 Terms list for Exam 2 50 questions 5 questions in chronicle order 1 Pogroms a Russian word meaning to wreak havoc to demolish violently Historically the term refers to violent attacks by local non Jewish populations on Jews in the Russian Empire and in other countries The first such incident to be labeled a pogrom is believed to be anti Jewish rioting in Odessa in 1821 As a descriptive term pogrom came into common usage with extensive anti Jewish riots that swept Ukraine and southern Russia in 1881 1884 following the assassination of Tsar Alexander II 2 Tenements these narrow low rise apartment buildings many of them concentrated in the city s Lower East Side neighborhood of New York City were all too often cramped poorly lit and lacked indoor plumbing and proper ventilation By 1900 some 2 3 million people a full two thirds of New York City s population were living in tenement housing Multi family dwelling usually an old building where more than three separate families or two families per floor live Mostly the Jews in NYC Women aren t supposed to be with people outside their faith and tenements helped to keep them with other Jews Jews weren t interested in faming anyways 3 America letters immigrants from Norway 19th century people heard from that country heard from the US through these letters how it was generally very positive about America and badly about Norway America was a more free society 4 Elisabeth Koren immigrant from Norway Lutheran minister wife diaries describe daily Norwegian immigrant life desperation for pastor church 5 Mezzogiorno name for the southern part of Italy one of the thing that drove to the immigration was the unification of Italy Immigrants from Italy were from the south 6 Pick and shovel work the work that Italian Americas referred to the types of jobs they were taking in the US working construction building railroads 7 Gold Mountain Chinese man name for California where they immigrating Chinese men worked here for mining Men that worked here were isolated from family and homeland Chinese immigrants that continued to mine white mine workers earned 7 dollars a day while Chinese earned 2 Quick silver mines meant dying from mercury intake Entrepreneurs were able to go home and earn money 8 Sacramento San Joaquin River Delta Landowners needed workers and workers needed jobs so middlemen were useful and provided contracts Chinese workers had to provide their own food and shelter California began to grow more wheat than anything else Chinese workers took over the river delta the rivers would overflow and deposit rich peat on land Before this time no one would be willing to clear land for farming and control water Landowners sometimes valued animal s more than Chinese workers After Chinese workers cleared it combined labor raised hundred and thousands of dollars Built a levy system so it wouldn t flood which made the land incredible fertile and expensive Chinese workers made this land rich for landowners and prior to them it couldn t be used to farm 9 The Heathen Chinese 1870s economic changes made them realize how hated and resented they were Veterans joined unemployed workers Railroad harmed California s manufacturing undercut local industries In san fran there were 3 workers for each job Chinese men appalled Irish men because they worked for 1 dollar Whites started to feel that Chinese were under a huge conspiracy 10 Denis Kearney Leader of the Workingmen s Party in California during the late 1870 s called for the expulsion of Chinese immigrants arguing that they took jobs away from Americans because they were willing to work for lower pay The Chinese must go was Kearney s watchword Opponents often pointed out that he was an immigrant himself having come to San Francisco from Ireland in 1868 By 1872 he was owner of a carting business and had become self educated through wide reading and regular attendance at a Lyceum of Self Culture on Sunday afternoons Repeatedly arrested for inciting violence 11 The Grange social club first part of movement of farmers Ural people to come together dances and get together In the South poor farmers bore the brunt of the civil war and were suspicious of northerners There was a need for an organization that would bring people from the North and south together in a spirit of mutual cooperation and after many letters and consultations with the other founders the Grange was born The first Grange was Grange 1 in Fredonia NY Seven men and one woman co founded the Grange It was a farmers movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area granges to work for their political and economic advantages The official name of the National Grange is the Patrons of Husbandry the Granger movement was successful in regulating the railroads and grain warehouses 12 The Populist Party peoples party 1892 spoke for working people main support rural south Midwest farmers included women interracial audience couldn t reach cities not relative to city life industry 13 The Subtreasury Plan gov stores crops until sold through alliance exchange crops were collateral for loans from gov took out middle man merchants taking all farmers credit and money The political force behind the Subtreasury Plan was the Farmers Alliance Farmers were in charge of this plan it proposed take railroads and banks out of the equation have the federal government take over the buying and selling of staple crops Essentially populist plan Most American or government weren t interested in this basis of a mass movement in America 14 Mary Elizabeth Lease is typically referred to in contemporary American history text books as a radical leader of the People s or Populist Party who directed desperate Midwestern farmers to raise less corn and more hell She was affectionately dubbed the People s Joan of Arc the female Old Hickory Our Queen Mary or simply the her oine by agrarian labor and women s rights supporters during the late nineteenth century 15 Coxey s Army he was arrested a group of unemployed who marched to Washington D C in the depression year of 1894 It was the only one of several groups that had set out for the U S capital to actually reach its destination Led by Jacob S Coxey a businessman it left Massillon Ohio with about 100 men and arrived in Washington on May 1 with about 500 Coxey hoped to persuade Congress to authorize a vast program of public works financed by a substantial increase of the money in circulation to provide jobs for the unemployed 16
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