Waves of immigrationFormative Wave, 1607-1820First Wave, 1820-1880Second Wave, 1880-1920Millions and millions came in at this time : Italians, Greeks… Americans will want to stop this, they become suspicious. They started not accepting people who do not use the same alphabet.20th Century ImmigrationRaceRacismEthnicityRacial and ethnic hierarchyWhy do people come to the US?Types of migrationDisplaced personsPush & Pull FactorsPatterns of adaptationAssimilation: assimilating the new culture (language, food…). America wants immigrants to become as American as possible but most immigrants will not do this. They will acculturate.Acculturation: to adopt enough of the dominant culture to get by but to keep your own culture at home (holidays, language, food…).The Process: How long does it take?Philosophies of race and EthnicityMelting Pot Ideal: Around the 60s, the philosophy changes to “we are all the same”. This is not true, we don’t all celebrate Christmas even though the Winter Break is to celebrate Christmas. US is not a stew (everything taste the same).Cultural Pluralism (90s): we are different but it’s okay, it’s valuable. Everyone brings something to the table and it’s good. US is like a salad (each ingredient brings its own taste.)The EnglishWhy did they come?Coming to AmericaAnglo-Saxon DominanceLanguage: English even though at one point they thought they should make their own language. English is not the official language of the USA, you don’t have to speak English to live here.Religion: USA is Christian and more precisely a Protestant nation. They believe if you work hard, God will bless you.Education: Public schools are free.Political and Legal Institutions: colonies will settle the same political and legal institutions as in England but without the King and Queen. They were not fighting against the top people.Economic institutions: Capitalism is a system that keeps people with money in a position with money. People who founded the country and had money, they wanted to be able to keep their money.The Invention of the White Race“White”: not just about color of the skin. The color white is associated with good things so people will say that they are white. The Devil was associated with the color black.White Majority: WASP tended to be the people in power.Expanding definition: before it was only the white people from England that were Protestant but as they went along, white had to be redefined.“Minority”Africa and AfricansWest Africa: “The Dark Continent” - Upper and Lower GuineaUpper Guinea:Lower Guinea:Internal Africa Slave TradeDifferences between slaves in West Africa and USAWho sold slaves to Europeans?English Attitudes about AfricansAtlantic Slave Trade“Triangle Trade”Slaves tradedSteps to Enslaving1. March to the Coast2. Holding Areas2.5. Slave Canoes3. Middle Passage (on the ships)4. “Seasoning”Slavery in the Colonies and in the US (1619-1776)New England: THE NORTHSouthern Slavery : THE SOUTHAmerican SlaveryAbolition in the NorthAntebellum Slavery (1800-1865)Types of slaveryAmerican Slave TradeHierarchy of ManagementWork ScheduleCropsIndigenous Culture – “Surviving Slavery”The Slave CommunityReligionResistanceFree Blacks in the NorthAbolitionAmerican Anti-Slavery Society (1833): people who toured the North to convince that slavery should come to an end in the US. They spoke to people who thought slavery was bad but didn’t know what to do. They would get these people together to listen to a former slave’s story to show them it had to be stopped.Sojourner Truth: God told her she had to run away and be free and join the AASS.Free Blacks in the SouthBlack Slave Owners (concerns 1% of the 1% of plantation owners in the US)African Americans in War and FreedomThe Civil WarAbraham Lincoln passes the Emancipation Proclamation.Emancipation Proclamation: “All slaves in states that have separated from the Union will be free from this day forward.” The slaves were not really freed but it made it more clear that the Civil War was about slavery. When the North wins the war, all slaves will be freed without compensation.Reconstruction: period of reconstruction after North wins the Civil War. It was the process of putting the country back together. It is a very long period. 4 million slaves will be freed, 186,000 African-Americans fought in the Civil War but most were forced by white owners from the south.Race and EthnicityWaves of immigrationFormative Wave, 1607-1820“Blank Slate”: Indians were present in the US but no government or structure with rules. People were already in the US but it was a “blank slate”. Africans were brought as slaves into early America. First Wave, 1820-1880First movements of people into US, immigrants coming into the US. Irish, Chinese, Germans were the first to come. US has always been concerned about immigration and worried that too many people will want to come. Second Wave, 1880-1920Millions and millions came in at this time : Italians, Greeks… Americans will want to stop this, they become suspicious. They started not accepting people who do not use the same alphabet. US start to pass immigration laws but they were not written until 1921. 20th Century ImmigrationNo more huge waves coming in but immigration is still active today.RaceA Modern Construct: “the assumption of differences based on real or imagined physical characteristics”The word race as it is used today did not appear until the 17th century. Race does not appear in our DNA, it is not possible to detect in your cells. Race does not only mean biological differences, it means thinking you know something about someone because of physical appearances. It is assuming you know something about someone. RacismIdeological Racism: “the attribution of social characteristics based on assumed biological differences”Having positive and negatives thoughts about someone based on how they look is racism. Individual Racism: racism towards a particular group of people and not towards all of black people or Asian people… Scientific Racism: based on “scientific” facts that show that whites are better than others, saying that “science” has proved that… even though it is not possible. EthnicityA categorization of people based primarily on factors like:• Shared cultural values• Religion• Language• Tradition• NationalityEthnicity is based on these cultural elements.You could be of white race, Cuban ethnicity and American
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