AMH2097 Final Exam Study Guide JewsDiaspora- 600 AD: Jews are expelled from their homeland by the Roman Empire and the Ottomans. Anti-Semitism- Anti-Jewish“Christ Killers”- Christians believed that Jews “killed the son of God”Usury- Profiting off of someone else’s suffering, inevitable with banking and financeSephardic Jews- Move to early America in the formative wave. They come from Spain and Portugal and Live in Catholic societiesThe Spanish Inquisition- Religious persecution against anyone who isn’t Catholic 1478-1834“Auto de fe”- Act of faith: prayer, memorize scripture, to prove your conversion to CatholicismAlhambra Decree- Edict of expulsion; passes March 31, 1492. If you converted, get out of Spain. Spaniards don’t trust converts New Amsterdam- New YorkGerman Jews-Came in the first wave (1830’s) main difference from Germans was their economic class. Pull factor was religious freedom.Reformed Judaism- Came from Germany. Jews that fit into the Christian population. Alternative to Orthodox JewsPeddlers- Traveling salesman, sell things around the U.S Eastern European Jews- Second wave Immigration (1880-1920) unskilled laborers, can’t speak English, come from Eastern and Southern Europe. *Cannot and will not assimilate.The Industrial Revolution- Causes unskilled Eastern European Jewish laborers to come over to U.S.Ashkenazic Jews- Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Russia. Came in the Second wave. They pull other Jews in U.S down.Lower East Side- Where Ashkenazic Jews settled in the U.SPogroms- Actually killing all Jews in Russian empire (1871-1917)Russification- Russian empire takes over, getting people to call themselves Russian. Whole population, not just Jews.Yiddish- The language Ashkenazic Jews speak.New Immigrants- Come in second wave 1880-1920. New doesn’t necessarily mean good.Sweatshops-Owned by other Jews in U.S so that Ashkenazic Jews can work around the holy day—Saturday.Tenament Houses- In the city, Eastern European Jews live in these; 10 people in 300 sq. ft.Conservative Judaism- Emerges in and particular to U.S. Balance between tradition and modern times.Final Solution- Hitler’s solution to get living space and get rid of theSubhuman; HolocaustHolocaust-Up to 16 million people killed.6 million Jews, 500,000 handicapped, 15,000 gay peopleDeath Camps-Exterminaton through labor. “work shall set you free”. Extermination campsConcentration and Labor Camps- The willful killing of forced laborers or prisoners through excessive labor, malnutrition and inadequate care.Extermination Through Labour- working to deathWork Shall Set You Free- slogan of the concentration campsExtermination Camps/Death CampsGas Chambers-Used to kill a lot of Jews in Death camps. Systematic klling. CyanideSystematic Killing- One example is the gas chambersZyklon B-pesticide used by the NazisSonderkommando- Special unit. Jewish prisoners that helped the nazis under threat of death to remove corpses and take jewelry and gold teethNazi Human Experimentation- Medical torture: on Jews and Gypsies-Josef Mengele-“Angel of Death”- doctor in Auschwitz that performed medical torture.Tito and Nino-Gypsy twins that were sewed togetherDeath Marches- Nazis forced prisoners to march to the deathLeo Frank-Jewish American, only Jew to by Lynched, war of racismSecond KKK-Hating anyone who isn’t a WASP, violence against Jews.Henry Ford- Big anti-Semite, had a lot of power in the U.S. Newspaper: The Dearborn IndependentThe Protocols of the Elders of Zion- (1920) Fake Document that says that Jews want to take over the world. Written by Russians.The Great Depression- Belief that Jews were to Blame. RacismRosenberg Trials- Only case of civilians being excecuted for espionage in U.S. Husband and wife killed for supposedly giving info of the atomic bombs to USSR during the war.Albert Einstein- New intellectual, helped create the atomic bomb in U.SJ Robert Oppenheimer- Theoretical physicist and professor of physicsPolitical Asylum- Safe place from political persecution; U.SVoting Blocks (Jewish)- Very strong, very liberal. They support social equality and protect civil rights.Conservative Judaism: Sabbath back on Sat. Kosher/Dress, Synagogues (integrate)The Dearborn Independent- Newspaper by Henry FordLebensraum- Living space (in German)Untermensch- Subhuman (in German)Zionist Movement-political movement to give the jews a homelandIsrael- Jewish homeland, was Palestine created: March 14, 1948Reverse Diaspora- Jews move back to homelandStats: 90% of Jewish Americans have college degrees. 55% still in NYC. Laws:Nativism- Favoring established citizens over incoming peopleXenophobia- Dislike or fear of people from a different countryNative American Party- WASPs that wanted to vocalize their dislike of immigrants. They don’t get any laws passedKnow-Nothing Party- Secret fraternal organization that becomes the American partyThe American Party- Natural born white protestant Americans. 3rd largest political party. Makes concern on immigration vocal and public.Scientific Racism- Used by the American party to get laws passedMadison Grant- Stated the “passing of the great race”The Passing of the Great Race- Whites need to be careful because the immigrants are going to take over the country and the immigrants should be sterilized.Ellis Island-1892-1954 where immigrants had to come through to get to U.SQuota Acts-Determined how many people were allowed to enter the U.S.Naturalization Acts- Laws concerning who can become a citizenImmigration act of 1921- Restrict immigrants from Eastern and Western Europe. Based on 1910 census only 3% or 357,000 ( which ever is less) are allowed to come in.Immigration act of 1924- “greatest triumph of nativism” 2% or 164,000 only allowed to come in.“Anglo-Saxon Census”- 1890 census nicknamed thisJohnson-Reed Act/National Origins Act- Americas neighbors (Mexico and Canada ) do not have immigration regulation.Naturalization Act of 1943-When Asians were first permitted naturalization, repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act.Immigration & Nationality Act of 1952 (McCarran-Walter Act)- From every Asian country ot represented in the 1890 census, 100 immigrants were allowed each year, 2,000 total Asian immigrants allowed each year.Immigration & Nationality Act of 1965- President Johnson abolishes national origins quota system. Neighbor law is exempt: Mexican and Canadians are now counted. Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986- Stop illegal Mexican
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