AMH2097 Final ExamImmigration from “Italy”Love Northern Italians… hate Southern Italians (not on Test 2)-Main division = between the north and the south-Different languages, food, religions very diverse from each other Introduction to Italy:-No such thing as the country of “Italy”-Italian City States-1859-1919 Unification-Different languages, food, religions very diverse from each other -1919: last year we have immigrants from ItalyImmigration from Southern Italian City States:1880-1920 (2nd Wave)-1880: Already started passing Naturalization Acts/ideas of Immigration ActsItaly – The South:-Rome (fell), Naples (crime, Mafia, dirty, loud)-Barely standing by the 1880s-Mainly because all the division-NO moneyStereotypes:-Stereotypes of Southern Italians were given by Northern Italians (loved them)…-Stupid (because they were uneducated)-Illiterate (80% … children don’t ever get to go to school… peasants)-Can’t even sign names to come into America-Peasants: like sharecroppers (with less rights)-Work for free, in return for a mud hut and some food-Forced to stay on land (nowhere else to go)-Inferior Face-“Mongrel Race” mutt (mix)-Saying they don’t have a family-“Dark” associated with negativity-“Backward” … family is absolutely everything (only institution)-Do not let their women outside of the home-Violent: Vendetta and Mafia… (poster-children for organized crime)Southern Italians – Life in Italy:-The Southern Italian Family only institution that they pay attention to [UNIQUE]-Family is everything to them-Person who leads family = moral guide… what is right/wrong-Law and rules of God do not matter-TRUST NO ONE! … only trust the family-Actively believe that everyone is out to get them-Makes them separate from everyone (themselves and other cultures)-Honor:-Males are in charge of the public sphere (outside of the home) Leader of the family is always male… the one who holds the most power publicly – powerful (not measured by $/age) other people respect him-Choose who you marry, what job you take, when you immigrate-He was also the government and the Church-Moral compass and lawsAMH2097 Final Exam-Women are in charge of the private sphere (interior, home)Males: practice honor by Vendetta-Argument with two people = argument between two families-Dishonored entire family with behavior-Other family puts out a vendetta against the person-Vendettas can go on for centuries two families hate each other-Vendettas get a bad name in America … by Northern Italians-“Always has to end with death” … A vendetta does not have to end w/death-MisunderstoodFemales: practice honor by Virginity-Only way to link families is by marriage… very hard to find a family to link to (insulated group)-Female is an ambassador to the new family-Must be a virgin … one and only requirement for a female-Will declare vendetta against entire family if female is not a virgin [when married]1. Actual marriage in the church -Husband and wife, and two members of the family-Go back to the wife’s families house-Throw a party (reception)-Public uniting of two families publicly recognizing that the two families are united2. Walking to the marital chamber-Immediately behind bride/groom -Relatives (mom, sister, etc) carries the box with sheets for bed (that she has been making her whole life) & they make the bed/tuck the bride in-Women remove the sheets from the bed and take them to the village square-“Showing of the sheets” … blood on sheets -Hung up in the village square for a week for everyone to see-Most likely will be blood on sheets… most women that get married are very young (about 13)-If a family member has abused her, there is nothing she can do about it-May become a nun (blessing to family) or be disowned from both families-Completely her fault/her families fault-If there was no blood on the sheets she would be disowned and her family would be dishonored-Other family would declare Vendetta on the other familyLife in Italy – Southern Italy’s Religion:-Roman Catholic Church-Non-Institutional (TRUST NO ONE)-Against the Church as a business… Pope is their boss… makes lots of $ from the land-Illiterate peasant because of the Pope-But they are religious have nothing to do with the Catholic Church-‘Hatched, matched, and dispatched’ Catholics go to Church for baptism/wedding/funeral-Only three times they are in the Church-Practice beliefs of Catholicism, teachings of Jesus, etc-Don’t care about Pope/Church as a business-Shrine Virgin Mary, Saints, Rosary (prayer beads)-Non-institutional Catholics: pray for everything/to everyone & for themselves-“Magic”-Problem with other Catholics-Built their own Catholic Church (individual parishes – ethnic-based) Southern Italians in America – 2 nd Wave: (1880-1920)AMH2097 Final Exam-Much faster boat (two weeks)… price of ticket goes down // more people can afford it-Steerage classWhy did they leave? -Overpopulation, natural disasters (Mt. Vesuvius erupted/ruined land), taxes (tithe)-Government taxes: Italian unification (creating roads/gov buildings)-Tithe: religious tax…required for the building of ChurchesWhy did they come to the US?-Go to Italy and post flyers about how amazing America is (Southern Italians can’t read)-Start recruiting people to America… say how great it is-Industrial Revolution 1880-Need unskilled labor to work in factories-Nobody in America wanted to work there… paid very little-Can be easily trained/replaced-Assembly lines (of people) each person is trained to do one thingFour Factors of Southern Italians:-Money? Enough to come over; family usually saves $ and sends one person over-Can’t stay for very long because of the family RETURN MIGRATION-“Sojourners” = “Birds of Flight”… plan on returning home [after 5 years]-1880: 70% of Southern Italians return home-1920: only 10% of Southern Italians return home-WWI, Getting unified, formalize US immigration policy (1921)… know that they will not be able to come back if something bad happens in Italy-Change to CHAIN MIGRATION…need to bring over their ENTIRE family (average 25 people)-Anchor immigrant will being over an average of 24 people-Numbers: 5 million all come over in 40 years-Location: Ethnic Enclaves - “Little Italy’s” … NYC, Boston-Next to Five Points, Chinatown, etc (away from WASPs & close to port)Return Migrants (70%)…
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