AMH 2097 – Exam 1 Terms and DefinitionsMississippian- Native American Group that lived in a large geographic area- Their predecessors were known as mound builders. Mounds are burials for the dead. - Some obsidian from Wisconsin, seashells from Florida, and mica from Tennessee were found in the mounds indicated extensive trade. - Their main city, Cahokia, was enclosed by a fence. - There were distinct classes in society. Cahokia- The Mississippian tribes’ main city- Located in St. Illinois- Centered around a monk’s mound- Largest and most influential settlement in the Mississippian cultureAnasazi- Aka the Pueblo Indians- Lived in settled communities in New Mexico- By the 1200’s they were trading extensively and had reached the height of their power. - Best known for their towns in valleys and canyons. (Ex. Chaco Canyon)- They built paved roads for trade and religious purposes- Developed an irrigation system to save crops from drought. Kinship- A sharing of characteristic, origin, or blood. - Native Americans viewed kinship and generosity highly- In order to know your place in the world you had to look at your heritage through kinship- Matrilineal and matrilocal societies. Cherokee- A tribe whose terroritory was located in Georgie- They were forced into signing multiple treaties in which they would give up their land- Became civilized and learnt the ways of the political system in order to defend their land- Andrew Jackson disregarded the supreme courts ruling- The Cherokee were pushed out and forced to migrate west of the MississippiTrail of Tears- Ethnic cleansing and forced relocation of the Cherokee west of the Mississippi- 1830 Indian Removal Act- 1832 Worcester v Georgia – the Cherokee won the right to stay- Treaty of New Echota- Ridge signed the removal treaty- 2 years later they were forced to move and many died in the cold harsh winter while traveling- Cotton gin and the gold rush were main factors of removal.John Ridge- Created a plantation on his native Cherokee land and assimilated to the English ways- He took John Ross under his wing and helped him fight for Cherokee rights- Was impeached from the Cherokee council by John Ross because Ridge had given up and wanted to give into the hard truth that they would have to relocate- In secret, he signed away Cherokee land for $5,000,000.- He was considered a traitor.- He moved west with the first group of Cherokee- He was murdered for signing away the land without permissionJohn Ross- Son of a Scottsman and a member of the Cherokee Bird Clan- Was taken under the wing of John Ridge and negotiated a deal to not have to give up more land- Became trusted by the Cherokee people- Created a constitution with democracy from them and declared sovereignty within the Cherokee borders- Became principal chief and rewrote the blood law that stated no one could sell land without the communities permission- He fought removal with the supreme court- He stayed behind of the treaty was signed and got a petition from the tribe to reverse it. But he never got to present it to congress- He was chief for 40 years and traveled with his people when they were forced west. Jamestown- Established in Virginia in 1607- 1st permanent colony- Financed by the Virginia company with the hopes of finding gold- Mosquitos that carried malaria led to a high death rate- Colonists relied on food from England- Indentured servitude beganFemme Sole- A legal status in which women, specifically widowers, could temporarily raise their statusby owning land. - This could only happen until they remarried or their sons came of age- There were very few women in the colonies at this time- Average marriage was 8 years until the husband dies. Tobacco- Virginia’s cash crop/economic engine- John Ralph experimented with it and overtime it became like gold- It had medicinal benefits- Plantations developed solely to cultivate the crop- Led to a highly stratified society- Labor was desperately neededMaryland- Helped fuel the tobacco industry- Sister colony to Jamestown- Established by Cecilius Calvert, a Catholic who had received a charter to start the colony- Offered religious freedom to both Catholics and protestants- Government authorities were catholic- Population was protestant- Strife over how much power Cecilius heldGradual Emancipation- These laws called for a phasing out of slavery, slowly over time- In 1780, Pennsylvania was the first state to enact this.- New York and New Jersey didn’t follow until the 1800’s. - In the North, African Americans began applying concepts of liberty to themselves. Phillis Wheatley- Bostonian slave that was allowed to read English and Latin- Published profound poetry at the age of 13- Went to trial in England to prove that she was the author- Mostly wrote eulogies- Was the 1st African American poet- Was the 1st woman to comment on politicsHarriot Jacobs- Upon going through puberty, her master (Mr. Flint) started raping her- She was viewed as his property- His mistress was jealous of all the slaves who were raped by him- Her innocence was taken away\her uncle built a trapdoor to hide her and she eventually escaped- She deemed slavery a demon that made all of society sick- She found the North to have prejudices as well- Accounts like hers, the slave narrative, fueled the abolitionist movement- She offered the woman’s perspective to slaveryRichard Allen- Established the 1st all black Methodist church in Philadelphia- Later established the African Methodist Apiscolan Church- Began charity projects through the Free African Society of America- Formed because churches started discriminating against BlacksJarena Lee- Joined the 1st all Black Methodist Church- She had visions of preaching- Asked Richard Allen if she could preach but he only let her lead prayer meetings- She captures the congregation and would travel 2000 miles a year to preach- She changed views and prejudices of many people- She became an inspiration to women- She was an example of a church leaderInternal Slave Trade- In 1808, the U.S banned the slave trade from Africa- Americans in the North began selling their slaves south. - Cotton Gin required more labor- Families were separatedSharecropping- Began as a compromise for land and labor because no one had money- Blacks (and some whites) rented land and then farmed it. At the end of the season, they split the crop with the owner of the land. - Over time cotton prices dropped and made sharecropping and oppressive cycle
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