Intro AMH2097 Exam 1 Nationality Where a person retains citizenship along with ethnicity you choose your nationality Race The assumption of innate differences based on real or imagined physical characteristics basically categorized by how you look o 1089 Europeans embark on first of crusades establishing kingdoms in the holy land Puts Europeans in contact with people from around the world with dissimilar features developed concept of race to establish their superiority over others o Race is a social structure It has led to war genocide slavery and discrimination all based on differences in appearances among different people 1795 Johann Blumenbach writes a book on racial classification Wanted scientific justification on why certain races were better than others o Determined Caucasians from the Caucasus Mountains were at the top of the food chain Characterized by blonde hair blue eyes fair skin etc Many following Blumenbach attempted scientific justifications of racial superiority and make up o Ex As determined by state of Louisiana because a woman had one ancestor that was a slave she was considered black even though she associated as white Ethnicity The shared categorization of people based on factors like shared cultural values nationality language religion and gender roles o Comes from Greek word ethos which means nation o Roman view of ethnicity Whether an individual was cultured or not o First used by English to determine where European immigrants were o 20th Century Social scientists grouped people based on modern from definition of ethnicity Racial Hierarchy Method of social organization based on the belief that some races are superior to others o Essentially established by Johann Blumenbach o When the Spanish colonized in the Americas they came into contact with Native Americans It was determined that full blooded Spaniards were the most racially superior o 2 ways Racial Hierarchy can be established Ideological Racism One society believes that racially they are better than others An ideology that considers a group s unchangeable physical characteristics to be linked in a direct casual way to psychological or intellectual characteristics and that on this basis distinguishes between superior inferior groups Samuel Morton Scientist in Philadelphia Claimed a person s skull size determined how large their brain was and in turn how intelligent they were o Believed White skulls to be the biggest most superior group o Believed Black skulls to be the smallest so they were only good for labor and had nothing to offer intellectually Josiah Nott Author of Types of Mankind 1840s when the abolitionist movement was picking up o Wrote that that interracial mating was on the same level as beastiality and would result in abnormal children o Compared blacks to animals Scientific Racism Science sponsored by a particular group to prove that they are racially superior Used by Nazi party in 1930 s Science is often faulty and biased Racialization Any time Ideological Scientific racism is used to complete a racial hierarchy Native Americans o Thomas Jefferson Believed science could justify slavery treatment of Notes on the State of Virgina States that blacks should be slaves and Native Americans should not have any rights Individual Racism Actions one takes because they believe they are racially superior Occurs in small groups or in individuals regarding small groups or individuals Institutional Racism When an area has written laws endorsing the inferiority of particular groups Ex Segregation laws o Existed in the U S until 1865 Dominant Group The race group in a country that considers themselves 1 and creates a racial hierarchy in the other racial groups of the country Subordinate Group The lower racial groups that are put into racial hierarchy Three Waves of Immigration in American History o Formative Wave 1607 1820 Jamestown established in Virginia in 1607 the starting point of American immigrations Includes WASPs Forced immigration of slavery o First Wave Immigration 1820 1880 Irish and Catholic and Germans came in 1820 s due to revolutions in Europe Gold Rush 1840 1850s in California attracts Chinese o Second Wave of Immigration 1880 1920 Southern Italians and Russian Jewish immigrants arrive Development of 1st immigration laws o Third Wave not formally titled Includes Cubans Central South Americans 4 Types of Migration in America late 19th Century o Voluntary AKA Economic Immigration Most immigrants in the 19th century willingly came to U S o Forced Brought into a new country against their will Rarely have any chance of returning to their home Ex Slaves o Economic Labor o Displaced Persons Had to leave home for one reason or another religion politics etc Always an underlying chance that they can return home Ex Pilgrims Push Factor Anything that pushes one away from their home country religious strife economic turmoil slavery etc Pull factor Any factor that draws one to a new country jobs freedom etc Assimilation When someone from a subordinate group gives up their cultural background traits to become like the dominant group o Usually a very fast transition Acculturation Subordinate group adapts some traits of dominant group but maintain their cultural background Ex Modern Native Americans o Usually a process that happens over time Philosophies of Race and Ethnicity o Anglo Conformity If an entire country has assimilated to the dominant group o Melting Pot Ideal Everyone including the dominant group has given up everything to become a new people o Cultural Pluralism Each group maintains their heritage while contributing to the whole Acculturation WASP White Anglo Saxon Protestant Catch all term for whites in U S technically were of English descent American Indians Beringia During the Ice Age Connected Siberia Alaska Where the first Americans crossed over from o Hunters Gatherers followed game not stationary o Known as the Clovis Hunters as their primary region was Clovis New Mexico Agricultural Revolution 3000 BC Central Mexico Native Americans first started planting crops allowing them to settle and create villages as they no longer had to follow food sources Anasazi old people One of the first tribes to use agriculture and create villages o Lived in 4 Corners Region Utah Colorado New Mexico Arizona o Lived as cliff dwellers for protection Built their village at the base of a cliff o Built irrigation channels Were able to build a surplus of crops this way Allowed for the creation of a
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