Exam 3Southern Italians in America• Most associated with the mafia, mutual aid societies became more of the mafia; • Mafia -13th century term meaning a place of refuge only refers to only southern Italians.• We already thought they were criminals• Prohibition made a lot of money for southern ItaliansYellow Press Slang term for newspaper that aren’t really trusted like the enquirer, always talked about the southern ItaliansMafia Myths• Have 2 components:1.) All southern Italians, are in the Mafia 2.) All organized crime is the mafia which was not true• Only .0003% of southern Italians were in the MafiaAl Capone Arrested for tax evasionSouthern Italians in America 1920 and Today• Didn’t push their kids to go to school so they became and stuck as blue collar workers.WWII Internment Southern Italians were intern as well as the Japanese. • When the Italians began to see that the Americans saw them as a threat they began to assimilate into the American culture (frank Sinatra and Rosie the Riveter)• All Japanese were interned, for southern Italians only immigrants were interned.Ethnic Enclave They tended to stay in the general populated area with the rest of those like themJewish Immigrants Diaspora – a movement of Jews out of their homeland(16 AD), spread all over the worldPush factor Anti Semitism – anti-Jewish, wherever they went they were the minority populationChrist Killer Killed the foundation of Christianity(aspect of anti Semitism)• Blamed for all bad thingsEconomics• Banking and Finances• Usury associated with Christian population, sin of profiting off of someone else’s suffering(credit card debt and paying interest)Result of Anti-Semitism• 1100 to 1800 ran banking• Were not allowed to be educated, learned banking from home • Denied rights of citizenshipJewish Immigration Sephardic Jews: Spanish Jews from Spain• The Spanish Inquisition – religious persecution; keep Catholicism as official religion of Spain and its’ colonies and at the head is the king and queen instead of the pope.Auto de Fe – perform an act of faith , recite a bible verse; proof that you have converted to CatholicismAlhambra Decree – edict of expulsion; all people of Jewish heritage need to get out of span and Spanish colonies.• Formative Wave Immigration – most ended up in new York city( what was then New Amsterdam)New Amsterdam – were they went to, modern day New York city, 3,000 settledMore about Sephardic Jews…• They are middle class and upper class people fleeing persecution not poverty.• Invested in things they could wear, portable wealth• They stayed near the cities because they had business there, and stayed near each other to go to synagogue.German Jews First wave (1830s)• In 1820 -15,000 Jews living in the U.S.• In 1850 - 30,000 Jews living in the U.S.• 1880 - 2.5 million Jews living in the U.S.• Religious Freedom- push factor• 300,000• Peddlers- most Jewish germen men had this job; traveling salesmen. Sold best product at the lowest price. They founded general store, were everyone went to get what they needed. Started catalogs so people from all over could buy their goods • Reformed Judaism – allows them to blend in; types of Judaism that comes from Germany to try to blend in as much as possibleSecond wave immigration 1880-1920 most immigrants come inNew Immigrants – didn’t mean good back thenReligion – new immigrants were not all protestant; not wasp; religions were strangeLanguage – will not speak EnglishUnskilled - pull factor was the industrial revolutionRegion – came from eastern and southern Europe, which were regions we didn’t prefer immigrants to come from.Eastern European Jews Ashkkenazic Jews – mainly came from eastern Europe, central Europe and Russia• Came to the U.S. and ruined everything for the Jewish ImmigrantsRussification – process of trying to turn other populations into Russia’s mainly forming them into Russian orthodox ChristiansMilitary Service – forced Jewish boys to serve in the military by being forced to serve in the military at the age of 8 for 25 years.Fighting back – would injury children to save themMarriage Laws- passed for girls; Jewish girls and women can’t marry Jewish boys or men.Pogroms (1871-1917) in Russia - Population elimination by killing people, took place all around the worldTsar Alexander IIAssassination : march 13,1881,was blamed on the JewsOver 100,000 Jews killedEastern European Jews in America• 2 million(came in 2nd wave, didn’t spread out, Speak English or were Christians and poor)• Lower East side, NYC• Yiddish – spoken by Ashkkenazic Jews onlyOrthodox Judaism• Majority Ashkkenazic Jews- Torah(Jewish holy book) and Talmud(Jewish book written by Jewish religious scholars; tells people how to interpret the Torah)- Orthodox V. Reformed – practiced their religion in different ways; - Orthodox……- Follow the torah and Talmud- Follow a strict dress code- Saturday is the holy day, reformed is Sunday- Synagogues have men on one side women on the other rabbi speaks Hebrew- Eats kosher foods- Reformed…..- Live their lives based on the torah.- Dress however they wanted tried blend in with the norm- The rabbi speaks the normal language and the congregation is not segregated.- Chose not to eat kosher.- They came in large numbers were in the poor class• Jobs(helped the Ashkkenazic Jews get settled)- Sweatshops – American Jews helped out Ashkkenazic Jews by doing this, getting women jobs sewing and Ironing clothes.• Kids didn’t work, education was more important.• Kids went to public schools, boys went to religious schools- Tenements – living place for Ashkkenazic Jews, disgusting and run down places.• Orthodox moved up in social class in one generation • Education – first community to create scholarships, mainly for boys to become something great like a doctor or a lawyer and come back to help his community.• Politics – Ashkkenazic Jews supported the U.S. having very relaxed immigration laws• Conservative Judaism – uniquely an American phenomenon, middle ground between reformed and orthodox.- The Sabbath is SaturdayEastern European Jews in the 20th century• Racism….- The 2nd kkk (progressive error clan) lead by J Walter Simmons; - Leo frank Jewish American who was lynched by the kkk, was lynched in public- Henry ford –created the assembly line, hated Jews“The Dearborn Independent”- publication
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