AMH2097 Exam 1Intro• Nationality: Where a person retains citizenship (along with ethnicity, you choose your nationality)• Race: The assumption of innate differences based on real or imagined physical characteristics (basically, categorized by how you look)o 1089: Europeans embark on first of crusades- establishing kingdoms in the holy land. Puts Europeans in contact with people from around the world with dissimilar features- developed concept of race to establish their superiority over otherso Race is a social structure- It has led to war, genocide, slavery, and discrimination all based on differences in appearances among different people.• 1795, Johann Blumenbach writes a book on racial classification. Wanted scientific justification on why certain races were better than others.o Determined Caucasians (from the Caucasus Mountains) were at the top of the “food chain” Characterized by blonde hair, blue eyes, fair skin, etc.• Many following Blumenbach attempted scientific justifications of racial superiority and make upo Ex: As determined by state of Louisiana, because a woman had one ancestor that was a slave, she was considered black, even though she associated as white.• Ethnicity: The shared categorization of people based on factors like shared cultural values, nationality, language, religion, and gender roles.o Comes from Greek word ‘ethos’ which means ‘nation.’o Roman view of ethnicity: Whether an individual was cultured or not.o First used by English to determine where European immigrants were from.o 20th Century: Social scientists grouped people based on modern definition of ethnicity.• Racial Hierarchy: Method of social organization based on the belief that some races are superior to others.o Essentially established by Johann Blumenbacho When the Spanish colonized in the Americas, they came into contact with Native Americans. It was determined that full-blooded Spaniards were the most racially superior. o 2 ways Racial Hierarchy can be established: Ideological Racism: One society believes that, racially, they are better than others;“An ideology that considers a group’s unchangeable physical characteristics to be linked in a direct, casual way to psychologicalor intellectual characteristics and that, on this basis, distinguishes between superior/inferior groups.”• Samuel Morton: Scientist in Philadelphia. Claimed a person’s skull size determined how large their brain was and in turn, how intelligent they were.o Believed White skulls to be the biggest- most superior group.o Believed Black skulls to be the smallest- so they were only good for labor and had nothing to offer intellectually. • Josiah Nott: Author of Types of Mankind (1840s- when the abolitionist movement was picking up)o Wrote that that interracial mating was on the same level as beastiality, and would result in abnormal children.o Compared blacks to animals. Scientific Racism: Science sponsored by a particular group to prove that they are racially superior. (Used by Nazi party in 1930’s)• “Science” is often faulty and biased. • Racialization: Any time Ideological/Scientific racism is used to complete a racial hierarchy o Thomas Jefferson: Believed science could justify slavery/treatment of Native Americans Notes on the State of Virgina- States that blacks should be slaves and Native Americans should not have any rights. • Individual Racism: Actions one takes because they believe they are racially superior. (Occurs in small groups or in individuals regarding small groups or individuals)• Institutional Racism: When an area has written laws endorsing the inferiority of particular groups (Ex: Segregation laws)o Existed in the U.S. until 1865• Dominant Group: The race group in a country that considers themselves #1 and creates a racial hierarchy in the other racial groups of the country.• Subordinate Group: The “lower” racial groups that are put into racial hierarchy• Three Waves of Immigration in American History:o Formative Wave (1607-1820): Jamestown established in Virginia in 1607- the starting point of American immigrations. Includes WASPs. Forced immigration of slavery.o First Wave Immigration (1820-1880): Irish and Catholic, and Germans came in 1820’s (due to revolutions in Europe). Gold Rush (1840-1850s) in California attracts Chinese.o Second Wave of Immigration (1880-1920): Southern Italians and Russian Jewish immigrants arrive. Development of 1st immigration laws.o Third Wave: (not formally titled) Includes Cubans, Central South Americans• 4 Types of Migration in America (late 19th Century)o Voluntary: (AKA Economic Immigration) Most immigrants in the 19th century, willingly came to U.S.o Forced: Brought into a new country against their will. Rarely have any chance of returning to their home.(Ex: Slaves)o Economic/Laboro Displaced Persons: Had to leave home for one reason or another (religion, politics, etc.) Always an underlying chance that they can return home.(Ex: Pilgrims)• Push Factor: Anything that pushes one away from their home country (religious strife, economic turmoil, slavery, etc.)• Pull factor: Any factor that draws one to a new country (jobs, freedom, etc.)• Assimilation: When someone from a subordinate group gives up their cultural background/traits to become like the dominant groupo Usually a very fast transition• Acculturation: Subordinate group adapts some traits of dominant group, but maintain their cultural background.(Ex: Modern Native Americans)o Usually a process that happens over time• Philosophies of Race and Ethnicity:o Anglo- Conformity: If an entire country has assimilated to the dominant groupo Melting- Pot Ideal: Everyone (including the dominant group) has given up everything to become a new people.o Cultural Pluralism: Each group maintains their heritage while contributing to the whole. (Acculturation)• WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant): Catch-all term for whites in U.S. (technically were of English descent)American Indians• Beringia: (During the Ice Age) Connected Siberia & Alaska• Where the first Americans crossed over from.o Hunters & Gatherers- followed game, not stationary.o Known as the “Clovis Hunters” as their primary region was Clovis, New Mexico• Agricultural Revolution: (3000 BC, Central Mexico) Native Americans first started planting crops, allowing them to settle and create villages as they no longer had to follow food sources.• Anasazi (‘old
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