!Jewish homelands!Diaspora- The jews who were living in their homeland was forced to leave, •and they spread out around the globe. They go to:Africa, middle east, china, russia etc. They keep getting kicked out of the countries they move to. The world was a very anti-semetic place (anti-jewish). The Jews start to develop different cultures.!the one thing they keep in common is their religion!◦Push Factors:!•Anti- Semitism- christian nations are very hostile to jews. !◦"Christ killers"- jesus killers: "you have killed the son of God"!◦Blamed for all bad things- ex: "this drought is because of the jews" !◦Economic!•Banking and Finance!◦"Usery"- law that said Christians could not be involved in "Usery". "Usery" is ◦profiting due to someone else's suffering. !* Jews never made up more than 1% of the population*!Results of anti-semitism ^^^^!•!Results of Jewish Anti-Semitism !Ghettos (they lived in the cities)!1.They could only work in certain places, have certain jobs !2.Not allowed to go to school, higher levels of education!3.Denied the rights of citizenship, no politics, voting !4.Sephardic Jews: early am, formative wave!•come from spain and portugal !◦live in catholic society !◦king Fedinand, Queen Isabella, head of state & religion in spain !◦The Spanish Inquisition: religious persecution against anyone who isn't catholic: •1478-1834!Keep Catholicism dominant religion !◦catholic court, people converting others to catholicism !◦"Auto defe" act of faith. Prayer, memorize scripture, to prove your ◦conversion to Catholic religion !Most jews do not hide their religion (many die, are tortured, imprisioned) !◦Alhambra Peeree: Edict of expulsion, passed March 31, 1492!◦:If you converted, get out of spain!Spainards don't trust converts!‣jews then flee from spain !◦-but no one else wants them !-come to new world on Columbus' ships!!Formative Wave Immigration!•-New Amsterdam (NY)!Money: do have some money, not fleeing poverty, fleeing persecution. They 1.keep money in "portable wealth" upper middle/upper class people. They are tolerated in early America!Come in small numbers: 3,000. spread out, no ethnic enclaves !2.-stay un cities, no involvement in politics!**Most successful immigration of jews** !!German jews- first wave(1830's) !•-Move to same place as other Germans!-come with different economic classes!**come in large numbers, makes jewish population in US more visible**!1820- 15,000 jews in US!◦1850- 30,000 jews in US!‣1880-2.5 million jews in US!‣-Religious freedom:Pull factor!!Peddler- traveling salesman, sell things around US. Universal male jewish •experience. (German Jew)!good job for german jews!◦sell goods, high quality=low prices !◦open small shops with more success then catalogs !◦-**macy's**!-High premium on education so they can work for family !-reformed judiasm: from germany, allows them to fit in to christian population !Alternative to Orthodox Judiasm !•!Second Wave of Immigration(1880-1920)!-"New Immigrants": new does not mean good!-Religion: Not protestant. Even christians are weird (Ex: greeks)!-Language: do not speak english !-Unskilled laborers: come over because of Industrial Revolution !-Region: come from "wrong places" Eastern and Southern Europe, wanted Western Europe !*perceived as people who cannot & will not assimilate* !!Eastern European Jews!Ashkenazic Jews (second wave)!•(Eastern europeans, central europe, Russia)- they disrupt american life, very visible to US. They pull the other jews in american down the hierarchy!Russification- State sponsored population elimination. Not by murdering, but •by changing their identities. russian empire wants to take over. getting people to call themselves Russian- all population, not just jews. !Military service- boys have to serve in the military. If you're a boy of a jewish ◦family, at the age of 8 they will be forced to serve in the military for 25 years. !Fighting back- people would physically harm their children as a way to fight ◦back and not have them go into the army. ex: one arm, one foot, missing fingers !Marriage laws- jewish girls cannot marry jewish boys. as a means of ◦converting jewish children !Pogroms (1871-1917)- killing all jews in Russian empire, violence against jews!•Tsar Alexander II- freed the surfs, and was assassinated march 13, 1881!◦Over 100,000 jews killed !◦1917 was last pogrom !◦![Eastern European Jews in America]!2 million Ashkenazic jews settle in america, in the lower east side. no money. !•Very negative stereotypes- no english, they speak Yiddish. !•they are people who hold onto tradition. They aren't quick to acculturate. !•!The jews are Orthodox!•very strict!◦Torah & Talmud-first 5 books of the bible & talmud is also a religious book. ◦but the talmud is a book that is produced by jewish scholars. It's an interpretation of the Torah. These jews have to believe in both books.!Orthodox vs. Reformed- Reformed was a way to keep the jewish faith while ◦facing people who are harsh to the jewish religion. Ex: Talmud tells you how you should look, a reformed jew would not feel compelled to wear what the talmud says. Reformed jews religious day is sunday, unlike the saturday for orthodox. !reformed jews change the synagogs to look like churches. !◦***German jews, and other jews help out other jews***!!Jobs!•American jews open sweat shops to employ orthodox jews!◦low wages, but families make it through!‣the jews send their kids to public schools but for the ashkenazic jews ‣they want their kids to be educated !Tenements- jews live in tenement buildings. about 10 people per apartment, ◦300 square feet. !The Progressive movement- americans decide that cities are filthy, so •progresses advocate for the 5 day work week. they create stuff like workers comp. This is a big turning point for orthodox jews. Jews get to work in factories etc. !Education- jews had a high premium on education. within 1 generation the •ashkenazic jews get more money and the first community to give out school loans. !Politics- even though there a lot of anti-semitism, white male jewish men were •never denied the right to vote. They are a group of people who are largely against immigration restrictions. !Conservative Judiasm- third type of Judaism that emerges in the United States. •It's only practiced by American jews. Emerges because they are trying to build ties with other jews. Happens after a couple
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