Study Guide – Exam #3Race and Ethnicity in the US, Spring 2013Professor: Lauren Thompson*Remember to be looking at what the groups in each category have in common but what makes them different***Most of the questions are on these Latino groups because we spent the most time on them**LATINOS 1. MexicansPush factors: conditions, Poriforo Diaz, rurales Pull Factors: economic opportunities: 1. Labor 2. Globalized capitalism 3. Exempt from immigration actStereotypes: (look at cultural inferiority part)Discrimination: wages-Maquiladoras, housing, brown skinAssimilation: bilingualism, move throughout US, higher education (2 year college)Acculturation: N/AResistance: Chicano Political Movement, unions,Hispanic- Roman name for Spain; Us government terms of those of Spanish heritage; the way most white people refer to Spanish people asLatino- preferred term for those who have Spanish heritage, African, and Native American ancestry; the name Latinos preferMestizos- “mixed people”, those who have Spanish blood combined with African and/or Native American blood (Africans got to Cuba and other Latino places through the slave trade)History of Mexican Independence/War- Mexico wins independence from Spain in 1821; Mexican war was a fight over Mexican land involving the annexation of Texas in 1845 which ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (peace treaty making the Southwest to be a part of American territory but Mexicans can still live on that land)Porfirio Diaz – Mexican leader who was the president of Mexico from 1876-1911Rurales – people from the rural areas who are Diaz’s army that kept order in the countryside Economic/Labor Pull factors-1. Chinese become excluded more job availabilities for Mexicans to do the “dirty work” 2. Globalized capitalism- US sets up factories at Mexican borders making it easier for Mexicans to work at super low wages but still not be US citizens 3. Exempt from the 1924 Immigration Act- still allowed to work in the US (still very super low wages)Zig Zag Theory – 1920s – Mexicans WANTED for cheap labor in US 1930s – Great Depression Mexicans NOT WANTED because jobs were wanted for American citizens 1940s – WWII Mexicans WANTED because men left to go to war (Bracero Programs came about)Bracero Program- program for seasonal farm workers on contract to work in US (5 million Mexicans)Mexican Migration Since 1965- Need an official Visa; only 20,000 allowed in per year; Mexicans commute from Mexico to work in the US; “Boarder Crossers” receive short term work permits; Undocumented illegals still come in to work for large corporationsBorder Crossers- Mexicans who receive short term work permits to work in the US“Brown Scare” – Stereotype because of Mexican’s brown skin- seen as filthy and greasyCultural Inferiority (Mexican)- 1. Lazy: Siesta=nap after lunch 2. Unintelligent: required to test in English even though they can only speak Spanish score very low making them “dumb” 3. Crime Oriented: Compadres (group of men) walk around together in groups WASPS assume negative things involving drugs and violence 4. “Illegal”: usually in Zig Zag labor cycle; Americans brought them over to work for super cheap; Formation of stereotype that all Mexicans jump the border and are illegal immigrants (Media fueled this)Maquiladoras- labor intensive manufacturing plants on Mexican border for hiring low-wage workers; *REPLACED BRACERO PROGRAM*Barrios- segregated Mexican-American neighborhoods in urban areasChicano Political Movement- Mexican version of the Civil Rights Movement; wanted less discrimination for MexicansUnited Farm Workers (UFW)- labor union founded by farmers in CA and AZ who work for equal pay. Founded by Cesar Chaves (Mexican MLK Jr)“Slowly but Surely”- climbing in social status, just at a slow pace2. CubansPush factors: CastroPull Factors: opportunitiesStereotypes: Positive:- anti-communist-seen as the model Latino immigrants- why? Golden exiles came over first and set a good reputation; seen as affluent- political conservatives (they vote republican) - major reason they vote republican now is because they don't like JFK because of the Bay of PigsNegative:- drug cartels (not only Latino group doing it)- Scarface made everyone believe all Cubans ran them- Violent- "Brown Race"- take in Mexican Stereotypes because of last names and skin colorDiscrimination:1. Separateness- elites excluded from white social clubs and groups (like country clubs and places you have to pay money to join)- started from golden exiles all the way through the other waves too2. Jobs- IN THE 60s- 48% professionals dropped to 13%, unskilled labor 16% to 32%3. Language- names & accents = viewed as MexicansAcculturation:- enclave: Little Havana, Miami, but also Miami and South Florida- keep language, culture, and traditions- community solidarity- family and kinship networks are key- further from enclave, less they become-"Fractured Identity"- "Double Identity"Spanish-American War – - era of imperialism, Jim Crow, industrialism, etc- 1. CUBANS wanted independence from Spain- 2. US said they would help CUBANS gain independence- 3. Spain left, US took over all Cuban diplomacy (get to stay)- had to fight for independence- 4. By 1920s, US took over Cuban military, finance, and politics - US owned 90% of mines, 80% of utilities, 40% of sugar industry, 50% on railroadsCuban Revolution- 1959- Cuba doesn't want to be ruled by US, Fidel Castro rules Cuba4 Waves of Cuban Migration1. "GOLDEN EXILES"- 200,000 that come-these are the wealthy Cubans who maple enter US interest in Cuba (US said come in in to them)- light skinned- came in a plane - "freedom flights"-granted refugee status and citizenship- Cuban emergency relief center (Miami)- INVOLUNTARY MIGRANTS (scared of Fidel)2. "MIDDLE CLASS"- 250,000 people- 75% already had family in US (relatives of Gold Exiles, chain migration)- light skinned- teachers, small business owners (scared of Castro)- come on planes3. "MARIEL CUBANS"- Mariel Boatlift in 1980- 125,000 came (half size of middle class)- assumed to be prisoners, communists, and mentally ill- NOT given citizenship (fear of if they're communist)- lived in camps: "Cuban- Haitian entent" (Haitians came at same time) - entent in Miami- golden exiles and middle class don't want to be associated with them- came over because they against Fidel Castro or were released from jail by him- Assumed to be prisoners,
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