*English main group that came during the formative wave of immigrationsAfrican slaves also came by force to the United StatesTrans-Atlantic Slave Trade: called this because it crossed the Atlantic OceanPart of the triangle trade-North Atlantic system of tradeGoods taken from Europe to Africa to trade for slavesslaves were taken to the new world (U.S)finished goods (sugar,tobacco,cotton) taken to Europe1600s-mid 1800sPortugal dominated slave trade early on--1600s-1700sEnglish dominated early 1700s-1830s--stopped the slave trade at this time**12.5 million captive Africans were taken**10.8 million actually made it to the Americas**not the first slave system in history**slavevoyages.orgSlaves in Greece and RomeRomans viewed slavery as an unfortunate accidentAllowed slaves to keep their humanity and had rights under the roman systemthey could marry and be given responsibilities for the familySlavery was not based on color and could com from anywhereChattel Slavery: slaves were viewed as property, not humans later on in the slave system—not allowed to keep their humanity****1.7 million died during the slave tradeSlavery in the New World:Spanish were first to arrive and begin to enslave Indians on the islands from the CaribbeanBegin to die of disease and from being over workedBartolome de las Casas (Spanish king) began to write letters for the Indians and wanted to Spanish to stop this inhumane treatment of the Indianssuggested that Africans be used in place of IndiansSpanish king allowed 4000 African slaves to be imported into the new worldSpanish first to begin treating the slaves like propertyDe las Casas regretted the suggestion of Africans working as slaves in the new worldSugar Cane:labor intensivehigh mortality ratevery very profitable*Largest sugar plantation was Barbados and second was Jamaica*Indians died out from the hard work on the sugar plantationsEnglish try bringing over indentured servantscouldn’t get indentured servants to the Caribbean because of the lack of land*Africans became the labor source of English sugar planters*Barbados was the sugar capital of the new world—exported 15,000 tons of sugar each yearNorth America (Slavery):**Slavery was not wide-spreadexpands with the following cash crops:Tobacco, rice, indigo, cottonNo more indentured servantsSlow processCaribbean was still receiving shipments of slavesthose who weren’t wanted were taken to N. America4 percent of all slaves brought to the New World goes to North AmericaEarly to mid 18th century firmly established**1690-1700 is when slavery finally took off in North AmericaEnglish Perception of Africans *Englishmen introduced to Africans in 1554Described Africans as “black”Loaded with intense meaningNot Christian- Heathenism“savagery” and AnimalityEnglishmen correlated Africans with apesintense sexualityover sexual were savage-women did not were much clothingbelieved Africans were prone to rapeWhere did they come from????West Africabulge of Africa down to the south to what is not AngolaPan-Africanism:Africa is a one continent and all the people are oneModern day Africa is the complete opposite; divided by ethnic groups, language and political groupsSlave trade in Africa before Europeans arrivedWhy become a slave?Prioners of WarCriminalsDebtorsTimbuktu: 100,000 people….controlled trade routes in AfricaHad all the businesses and perks of a metropolisUniversity and libraryLost its importance because of the slave tradehad no access to the coastAshanti-kingdom in western AfricaNear the coast and example of how African states changed as a result of the slave tradeBecomes major exporter of slaves in the late 1700s and early 1800sAfrican Agency:Kings and Queens“Rights to Slave”: sold Europeans rights to own slavesthey knew they needed Europeans for their firearms, so they gave the Europeans the right to enslave Africans, so they wouldn’t leavewould give them rights to enslave in other areas, not their areaCowrie ShellsForm of currency in Africa kingdomsEuropeans would pay for the right to enslave with theseSlave FortEuropeans built forts called Factories, that produced slavesThe guns on these forts never faced inland, always forced out to sea to defend against other EuropeansKrumen4 step process of the trans-Atlantic slave trade:**** IN CLASS ESSAY!!!!!First step: March to the CoastOnce they had built a trading station on the coast, the Europeans would begin going inland to Africa and begin the process of enslaving Africans.Usually consisted of 10 EuropeansHeavily armedKrumen would do all dirty work (actually took the slaves, acted as translators, guides, they rowed boats)Basically anything the Europeans needed, the Krumen were there to doSometimes they journeys were 250 miles inland, depending how far they had to go to reach another kingdomThen they could go within the process of taking slavesSlaves were captured by being “netted” or beaten over head until unconscious and taken in, or buy them from villagesTried to get Africans when they were alone, away from their villagesOnce Africans are captured, they were taken in groups of 10, and held together by shacklesOnce they were shackled, the shackles never came off until they reached the coast of AfricaThe journey can take up to 2-3 monthsIf a slave tried to escape or misbehaved, they were beaten or even shot deadIf one was dead, the 10 would still have to walk together, carrying the dead manEncountered tropical diseases on the way, infections, hunger and thirstAround 25% of enslaved Africans died on the way back to the CoastStep 2: BarracoonsIf European station was not very advanced, slaves were kept in BarracoonsBarracoons were cages for the slaves to keep them inBarracoons were kept in sand in hot sunUp to 300 slaves in them, no room to sitFood was given through bars, so slaves in center of cage didn’t usually get the food since the ones on the outside would take itOnly time center slaves would get water in the cage would be if it rainedWent to bathroom in the cage, so disease spread very quicklyDISEASE SPREAD THROUGH FECES25% of slaves who went into these cages ended up dyingif a slave fort had been built instead of the Barracoon, they were kept in there insteadthe dungeon was very dark, no lightdisease spread very quicklyif at the front near the door, you were given food, if in the back you would starvealways standingoften left here for 2-3 monthshere, human waste could sometimes rise to over 2
View Full Document
Unlocking...