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Come in the 1950s and 60sCubans get their own waves because they come after our last immigration wave ended.US involvement with Cuba, pre-1960.Known for Sugar, one of the largest producers in the world, and to produce some of the best sugar there was.US bought a LOT of Cuban Sugar.Sick and tired of living under Spanish control for hundreds of years, so they started talking about getting out from under Spain’s control. “Cuba Libre” Cubans want to govern themselves, make money off the crops their country produces.Asks the US for help in kicking out the Spaniards because we have a power, want some sugar, think we have something in common since America emerged from underneath England’s rule.Cubans knew the US could easily take over Cuba after helping kick out Spain, so they make us swear to not take over Cuba.So, in the Spanish-American War (1898) kicks out Spain.We helped set up a system of government and whatnot, including installing a puppet dictator, controlled by the US, to transition Cuba to being an independent nation.Fulgencio Batista, the last of the puppet dictators “president” was the worst. Ignores everything low class Cubans want, and only listens to rich Cubans and Americans.Sells property to Americans, selling land for casinos, and even sugar lands “Dixie Crystals” comes from CubaSo this makes way for Castro who was actually very charismatic and whatnot.Castro starts the 26th of July movement (1958) where they kick out all the Americans, get rid of Batista, called a “nationalist” movement, Led by the nation, for the nation, a patriotic movement.NOT a communist movement. Yet.Two years later, Fidel Castro actually announces what he calls his “Socialist” program.First Movement of Cubans to America (1959-1962)1960, the switch from the Cuba craziness going form Nationalist to communist.Of course, the rich people don’t like this system because they want to keep all their money and use it how they see fit.Why are Americans so freaked out? Because we’re so close!Also, due to the Cold war, we think that all communist countries get along, and that the Soviet Union would send over missiles. They did later, but you know.“Golden Exiles” – Not exactly wealthy because most of their assets were tied up in property “reclaimed” by Castro, but they’re skilled and educated, and because the Americans used to hang out in Cuba, they have connections in America as well.Most of these people were coming over with light skin, pearls, dresses, suits, and are IMMEDIATELY invited into the Whitey club.200,000 come overCuban American Adjustment ActGrants these exiles “refugee status” it means you get to come in, regardless of the immigration laws in place.Still under the Quota act, so technically no Cubans could come over, but we granted them an exception which almost never happensAnd we also declare them permanent residents, they get to stay here and work, but not vote. After 5 years, they apply for citizenship and are granted it.Pass the Cuban Refugee ProgramSeries of loans from the government, totaling $1.2 billion, paid back only in 5 years.These people build up the city of Miami with their doctors offices, hotels, restaurant, etc.ALSO settled in Union City, New Jersey, because that was where the planes dropped them.Back to Cuba – 1962-1965Problems with the middle class because people aren’t so sure that Castro’s the right person, a lot of them get thrown in jail for speaking outSecond Wave – 1965-1974Middle class people looking to leaveHave some business skills, are educated, but have a lot in common with Americans.Get on planes and boats called “freedom flights” from America to pick up these people. The Golden Exiles, with the help of America, send the planes, come in their yachts, picking up their coworkers, managers of their hotels and restaurants, their children’s teachers.These people are called freedom fliers.Naturally, all the other immigrant groups HATE the Cubans for getting special treatment.500,000 Freedom Fliers come inDropped off in MiamiGranted refugee status, but don’t get loans because the golden exiles can help them get established.Back to Cuba1968-1980, more problemsFidel starts cutting down on Cubans leaving, and more and more want to leave because the lower class doesn’t get anything, and actually have a lot of things taken from them, like education, the right to speak out against the government. But Fidel Castro won’t let anyone leave Cuba at this time, there is an Embargo now in place, and refuses to let the Cubans leave. So they’re confused, want to leave, but can’t leave legally.April 1980, Cubans storm the Peruvian Embassy (if you walk through Cuban gates into the Embassy, you’re on Peruvian soil and protected by Peru) (doesn’t have an American Embassy because Cuba doesn’t really recognize America exists).They want to leave, something to get them out of “Peru” to leave Cuba. “You can’t leave Cuba if you leave the Embassy” Fidel turns off the electricity and water, cuts off food supplies to the Embassy, trying to starve them out. This gets to the media that Fidel Castro is starving a country that isn’t his, so he gets mad, and allows Cubans to be picked up from the Mariel port near the Peruvian Embassy, allows them safe passage from the embassy to the port, but also released all the Rapists, Murderers, and Child Molesters from his prison, and tells America what he did, but they can’t figure out who’s who.Third Wave – April 1980MarielitosMoney? – Broke as a jokeCriminals – The press says they are because Fidel Castro said so, but people jailed were also a lot of political prisoners who spoke out against Castro, friends of the US since they hate communism.Specialists say only 1% of Marielitos are actually criminals, but the press says everyone is criminals, so now we think Cubans are poor, dark-skinned, dirty criminals.Scarface comes out a few years afterwards, and only makes things worse.Reinforces the idea that all Marielitos are Criminals, and are all heavily involved in the Drug trade and organized crime, particularly moving Cocaine.Freedomtowns were real things, where Marielitos were kept with refugee status, but don’t only get out with illegal activity, could get out in legitimate ways.Numbers – 125,000Location – MiamiRefugee Status, no permanent residency (so no jobs), The golden exiles and freedom fliers did not like the way the Marielitos represented them, so


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FSU AMH 2097 - The Cubans

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