Exam #2 – Study GuideFor all Four Groups You will Need to Know:Push Factors (Why they left their home country)- Irish o Plantation system- English protestants confiscated land for livestock or export productiono Penal laws- denied landowning and voting rights to Catholicso Potato blight of the 1840s “Gorta Mor” Famine/starvation Poverty- Chineseo Taiping rebellion Chinese civil war Qing v. Han dynasty 1850-1864 20 million diedo Natural disasters Floods (destroy rice paddies)o Famineo Female infanticide Kill own daughters because they don’t want them to grow up in chinao Economic Imperialismo Opium Wars- Italianso Italian unification Joining of north and south Italy North dominate southo Economy High taxes on land Poor land Unemploymento Catholic church Tithe- taxes that must be paid to the churcho Overpopulationo Natural disasters Mt. Vesuvius 1906 Mt. Etna 1908 Earthquake Tidal wave- Jewso Tsar Alexander II assassinated in 1881 Rumors that assassins were Jews (actually atheists) Christians attacked Jewish communitieso Pogroms Organized attacks on Jewish communitieso Tsar Alexander III Russian orthodox church Autocrat – “ordained ruler by God” Judaism is incompatibleo Russification Attempt to make all of Eastern Europe like Russia both politically and culturally Religion is a part of your culture Jews all over eastern Europe experienced progromsWhere they settled (City and name of enclaves)- Irisho “southie”- Bostono Five-points- NYC- Chineseo San Franciscoo “china town”- Italianso “little italies” o Northeastern citieso NYC, Boston, Philadelphia- Jewso Lower east sideo NY, Chicago, Baltimore, LA, MiamiType of Migration - Chain, Return, Permanent, etc.- Irisho Chain Migration- Chineseo Return Migration- Italianso Return Migration- Jewso PermanentWho migrated? - Men, women, single, families, etc.Irish = Young adults, both male and femaleChinese = mostly menItalians = familyJews = familyLabor- What kind of jobs?Irish = unskilled workers, worked in docksChinese = unskilled workers, railroadsItalians =Unskilled workersJews = Began as unskilled, but came to white collar jobs in 3rd generationLife in the Enclave- Irisho Tenement houses More than one person to a room; rent for a day,week,montho Pub culture Hearty, filling drink before and after work Socializationo Bare-knuckle boxingo Urban lifestyle Brothels- Chineseo Tongs Began as protective group against whites Became corrupt Gang or “Chinese Mafia”o Opium dens Prostitutiono Six companies Six Chinese run family businesses End prostitution Clean up corruption Emphasize morality- Italianso The familyo Weddingso Political clubso Festivalso Mutual-Aid society Members made monthly payments to assist others with housing, day care, funerals, etc.- JewsStereotypes- Irish o Catholic Brainwashed by pope Transubstantiation- practice of communion in the belief of ingesting the body and blood of Christ• Blood drinkers• Baby killers• Vampires o Race Ape like• Nativists claim that Irish were the “missing link” between the human race and the gorilla Black-Irish• Equal to African-Americanso Inferior Immoral Lazy Uneducated ‘Bridget” – name for all Irish women; self-sufficient and street smart “Paddy” – derogatory term for an Irish man derived from “Patrick”o Drunk English-Americans used Pub culture to legitimatize the notion that ALL Irish were alcoholics- Chineseo Race (physical) “Yellow peril” • Skin pigment• Short • No facial air• Feminine • Buck teeth• Slanted eyes• Queue – ponytail Culture• Religion – Buddhism• Food• Language – mandarin• Appearance – pajama-like dress- Italianso Catholico Drunk Loudo Race Dark skin Dark hair Inferior Dangerous Disloyalo Mafia myth Seen as lawless, thugs looking for a fight Criminality is a part of the Italian raceo Vendetta When an act of violence is taken personally by the whole family- Jewso Race Facial features Big nose, dark hair Darker skino Culture “unassimilatable” “devil” Hats are covering their hornsDiscrimination they faced- Italianso NINA No Irish Need Apply- Chinese o Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 No one can come in, people already there can’t become citizens Geary Act 1892• Renews exclusion for 10 more years- Italianso Wages Paid lesso Dangerous conditions Sweat shops Maimed, killed in accidents Tuberculosis – infection of the lungso 1921 Immigration and Nationality Act In 1880, take 2% of the total number of Italians and that’s how many can come per year.- Jewso Anti-Semitism Stereotyping, prejudice, or discrimination against Jewish peopleo Killers of Christ Rumor created by Christians Romans killed Jesus and crucified thousands of Jewso Smite Christians blame major world disasters on Jewso Intelligence Too intelligent, crafty, and sneaky Jewish merchants = deviouso Cheap Frugal and saved hard-earned money Christians saw as stingyAssimilation- in what ways they became accepted and/or upward mobility- Irisho English Americans change their views During 1880s – 1920s “New Immigrants” Irish became old immigrants• Lighter skinned• Catholic is better than Judaismo Irish Americans adapt Cultural assimilation• Language• Exception is that Irish remained catholic Mostly remained unskilled• some became skilled• catholic schools provide education John F. Kennedy (first catholic president)- Chineseo Education 52% have a college degree 13% of Ivy League students Highest scores on standardized testso Socio-Economics White collar jobs Higher income than white Americans Upper-middle class- Italianso Some types of Italian culture are accepted Food WASPs see little Italy as entertainmento Service and Education WWII • Italian Americans fight for US; seen as brave, and good soldiers G.I. Bill• Can go to college• Transition to skilled labor- Jewso Reformed Judaismo Embraced opportunities Jobs Citizenship Educationo “Blue to white collar in 3 generations” Work ethic College educated Family/enclave supporto Political Activists Major support during civil rights movements in 1960s Students for a democratic societyThe Second-Generation Conflict- Chineseo 1st
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