Test 3 Terminology and South America 1 Hispanic Constructed category for the immigrants coming from Caribbean Central Roman name for Spain US Government terms those of Spanish Heritage Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban Dominican and Central or South American 2 Latino Spanish Heritage African and Native American ancestry Preferred Racial Hierarchy Top Spanish Colonizers Middle Mestizos mixed people blood Bottom Natives African Slaves Mexican History o Those who have Spanish blood combined with African and or Native 1821 Mexico wins independence from Span 1830s Americans push into Mexico and encroach on their land slavery expand more territory Annexation of Texas 1845 American slave holder and expansionists territory aggression blame it on Mexicans Migration Mexican War 1845 1848 Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo Americans took Mexicans land sometimes illegally The US acquisition of the Southwest in 1850s Mexicans did not come to America they became American For those who immigrate after 1880 o Leave Mexico because of conditions o Come to U S for economic opportunities Mexican migration is unique and diverse They practice many forms family return chain etc The Mexican experience contingent on the U S Business Cycle Why Leave Mexico Porfirio Diaz president of Mexico 1896 1911 ruled with an iron fist Rurales among that kept order in the country side Why Come to the U S Pull Factors Labor o Chinese excluded Mexicans become raw source of dirty work o Globalized Capitalism U S employers go beyond U S labor pool for low wage workers o Exempt from 1924 Immigration Act Wanted for low wage agriculture Mexican Zig Zag Theory 1920s Mexicans wanted cheap labor 1930s boarder patrol of INS created Great Depression Exclusion and 1940s Bracero program seasonal farm workers on contract to work in deportation of illegals U S 5 million Mexicans Since 1965 Migration 1 Official Visa only 20 000 allowed per year 2 Commuters live in Mexico but work in U S men and women 3 Boarder crossers short term work permits 4 Undocumented or illegals backbone of McDonalds clothing electronics manufacturing Stereotypes Race Brown skin pigment NOT white Southeast Blacks Southwest Mexicans Mexican race constructed as lazy and backwards o Mexicans were already here but kicked out Brown Scare characterized as filthy greasy Inferiority 1 Lazy 2 Unintelligent 3 Crime Oriented Siesta from Spain nap after large lunch Because of tests written in English Compadres 5 or 6 men speaking in a language that WASPS can t understand seen as suspicious 4 The Illegal Mexican Labor Cycle We had brought them here to work then pushed out and not told Media Southwest is one big fence Discrimination Land Wages Whites pushed Mexicans off land By 1900 2 3 unskilled laborers In 1850 1 3 of farm owners and 1 3 skilled workers So low that whites did not want them Excluded from white labor unions Maquiladoras labor intensive manufacturing plants on Mexican border for hiring low wage workers o Replaced bracero program for war times and food production Hire legals and illegals Housing neighborhoods Whites barred Mexicans from renting or owning homes in white Barrios segregated Mexican American neighborhoods in urban areas Formation of gangs o After being pushed into poor areas with poor schools o Discrimination causes gangs Resistance Chicano Political Movement 1960s Movement that fought great political representation and less discrimination against Mexican Americans United Farm Workers UFW Cesar Chavez nonviolent protest and hunger strikes Unions Assimilation Bilingualism Speak Spanish and English o So they can take tests read contracts etc Move Settle throughout Midwest South NE U S Higher education Slowly but surely climbing in social status o 2 year colleges and part time Mexican Americans Today 31 8 million 2010 census 10 8 of the population a little less than Irish 30 of population in CA and TX 23 poverty rate 13 national average 16 in managerial positions Cinco de Mayo Immigration Restriction Act 1921 Bolshevik Revolution reason Act was passed Maximum number of immigrants 357 000 per year Famous Mexican Americans Today Evan Longoria Mark Sanchez Cain Velazquez fighter Jessica Alba Test Question Immigration Act of 1924 Known as The National Origins Quotas To determine how many form a particular country can come in o Only 2 of that nation s population ALREADY living in US o That based off 1890 Census 2 living in US in 1890 o Overall cap of 150 000 per year From 1924 1965 the National Origins Quota was the policy Chinese still excluded Mexicans did not count with exception of 1930s because Zig Zag Theory Groups not here in 1890 not getting in Exemptions from 1924 1965 Professors College students Ministers Wealthy Businessmen Refugees o Chinese o Jews o Cubans Immigration Naturalization Act of 1965 Overturned Act of 1924 Known as the Hart Cellar Act Ended the 1924 National Origins Quotas 170 000 overall cap per year Instead 2 of country of origin s population is allowed in per year The Basics Preference given to immigrants skill and familial relationships to US citizens Allowed new immigrants to come from o Latin America o Caribbean o Africa o Asia o India o Middle East o Third Wave of Immigration 1965 Today The Basics After September 11 2001 the INS USUS changes to US citizenship and immigration services under the US Department of Homeland Security USCIS Handles and forms and processing of materials related to immigration and naturalization Most common examples o F 1 Student Visa temporary resident o I 985 Green Card permanent resident o K 3 Spouse Visa petition for an alien relative is I 140 Naturalization process of becoming a citizen Application is a N 400 Eligibility to apply for citizenship must be a resident for 5 years be a good moral character and pass the language and citizenship exam Naturalization Process Long and frustrating Diverse different cases Expensive about 1200 Approximately 680 000 naturalizations per year Cuban Americans 19th century Cuba is part of the Spanish Empire some Cubans come to the US Tampa and Key West Spanish American War 1898 1902 o Cubans wanted independence from Spain o US said they would help Cubans gain independence o Spain left US took over all Cuban gain independence o 1920s US took over all Cuban military finance and politics US owned 90 of mines 80 of utilities 40 of sugar industry and 50 of railroads Cuban Revolution 1959 led by Fidel Castro American educated economic and political reforms to help Cuban natives
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