AMH2097 Final Exam Study Guide The Jewish People Sephardic Jews Origins o Low in Number wealthy stay in cities of east coast o Spread throughout the 13 colonies R I to South Carolina None in Massachusetts because of the Puritans o Brazil 1640s and 50s o 1500 o New Amsterdam o 23 o Not just from Holland o South Carolina Barbados Michael and Bernard Katz Sephardic Jews Colonial Era o 1700 Sephardic Jews came during formative wave o Location Urban Centers Were not appreciated by the WASPs Had to stay b c of their professions o Money Middle Upper Class o Social economic integration Even though they were talked about Jews had money so they were invited to higher society parties Not allowed to participate in politics Not enough of them to make a voting block Not allowed until American revolution Revolution Fought against the British British policies were what affected them the most But were not represented in the declaration of Ashkenazic Jews Origins independence o Ashkenaz means Germany o 2 750 000 were expelled from Spain during the Spanish inquisition after being expelled from Spain they move to Germany after expulsion they move further east come from Ukraine the Baltics began in western Europe o Second wave immigrants 1880 1920 o Ethnic Enclaves NYC o the pale Stay in city which they arrive b c they have no money white Russia called this by eastern Russians reserved for jewish immigrants jews were expelled from Moscow and made to live in the pale there was laws telling them what they could and could not do jews paid double taxes had to rent land could not own it jews could not obtain higher education living here restricted ability to make money feed family obtain higher education Origins Push Factors o Limited economic social education violence o Population Economic Russia 1800 1 million Russia 1910 5 6 million o Anti Semitism May laws Russification Protocols of the elders of zion Written by Russian police claimed to be written by jewish leaders Said jews in Russia were conspiring to overthrow Russian empire Jews wanted world domination Spread black plague among Russians Poisoned whales Killed Russian babies and used blood as sacrifice When published in Russia many pogroms took place in the It was believed that jews actually wrote it o Pogroms pale Violence against jewish villages Organized violence in the pale Entire towns and populations of towns were leveled o Russo Japanese war 1905 Russians went to war with japan Everyone assumed Russia would win Entire Russian fleet was destroyed Obtained Korea Japanese sent a surprise attack on the Russian fleet Russian want an excuse as to why they lost Jews sabotaged their war effort o 2 7 million jews left pale settlement b w 1906 1907 and 1920 o 3 million jews stay o Save enough money to bring everyone at once they will not leave anyone behind to face the wrath of the Russians Family Migration Pull Factors o Religious freedom Heard America was a land of opportunity 1880s delegates would arrive in pale settlements and tell people that there was land for farming worship as you please send kids to school Russians saved the American west Introduced winter wheat o Economic opportunity Own your own land 1880s 1890s America was being industrialized Needed workers Jewish workers worked at factories b c you did not need a lot of training to do the work Did not have to be literate to work at a factory Very little education Interlude 2nd Wave immigrant characteristics o Could not read or write o Spoke language very foreign to English o Religions were different Southern Italians practiced Catholicism that was basically mixed in with magic Jews practice orthodox Judaism 04 03 13 o Language o Unskilled Did not speak English Maybe 1 knew English Had never seen any type of factory o SAME PULL FACTOR Need cheap labor Religious freedom Economic reasons 1800 1815 everywhere france gained land jews were given citizenship o when napoleon was defeated jewish citizenship was revoked o the jews decided to be more like the catholics in order to be more accepted o reformed Judaism allowed jews to learn the language of the country they live at o Before 1880 99 jewish synagogues were reformed in th US Ashkenazic Jew Cultural Conditions o Sabbath Day From sundown Friday to sundown Saturday Orthodox jews had a hard time finding jobs because of this o Kosher Food Food preparation laws Made fun of because of this Would not eat pork o Dress Clothe was mostly black Black to show there was a fear of God Covered up most of their body o Language Those that came from Russia spoke Yiddish Combination of German Hebrew French Russian Did not speak English Ashkenazic Jews Location o Urban Ethnic Enclaves NYC Lower East Side Squeezed a lot of people in one small location by the use of 1 tenement buildings Tenement buildings used by the Irish Sewing machine was patented by singer Clothes were made Fashion capital Jews would work from home and make clothes Jewish immigrants were the backbone of the clothing industry in the early 1900s o 90 of clothes were made by jews in the lower east side Were able to work and still practice the Sabbath Ashkenazic Jews Economic Conditions o Eastern vs America o Lower East Side o Garment District Sweatshops tenements So many people working in closed quarters Owners were able to check workers before they left for stealing Would lock the door fro the outside so the workers could not leave o 1900 90 percent o Downsides o 1911 Fire changed workplace rules conditions hours building codes o fire escape had to go up to top floor 20th Century Jewish Success o Family and community better than they did o Education o Labor Laws of the 1920s Holocaust AKA Kristallnacht Like the Irish the Jewish people wanted their children to have it Children were sent to college Jewish immigrants started to become doctors and lawyers o 1933 Adolf Hitler became prime minster and President all other political groups were dissolved in his book he said he would remove Jews by any means necessary Make conditions so bad that Jews in Germany would leave 1935 Nuremberg laws o Said German Jews were stripped of their citizenship essentially made legal aliens in Germany o Could not marry German citizens o Jews with money left very early on Albert Einstein Sigmund Freud Hitler would be gone o Jews thought that like everything else in a few years 1938 German Jew assassinated a German politician Hitler unleashed secret police on the German Jewish population o Burned 1000 synagogues o
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