!1!RACE AND ETHNICITY FINAL STUDY GUIDE THE THEMES SPIVEY POSTED ONLINE EXPLAINED *What does it take for a group to become American? White, Educated, Civilized to be accepted as traditional Americans. Immigrants could pass literacy tests and come through Ellis Island however to be accepted by others was different than legally accepted. *What benefits come with a top position in the racial hierarchy? Higher Wage and opportunity Higher education rate Acceptance (less brutal treatment) *How did Native Americans live before contact with Europeans? They lived in 5 different types of culture areas in a tribal setting -Most common was the North American Woodlands *The Impact of European Disease on the Natives Small pox was the most deadly disease and it killed 40% of the Aztecs Disease did not impact immigrants as much because they were already immune because of small strains they had been exposed to at home *The differences between the Spanish, French, and English treatment of natives Spanish Enslaved the first Indians they saw French Very civil and friendly relationship!2!Engaged in Beaver fur trade with Indians in exchange for weapons English Started with the pilgrims and they had a very good relationship however when the Puritans came in they messed up the relationship and it shifted to a bad relationship *How the relationship between Natives and English settlers in Massachusetts changed over time. Started very peaceful with Chief Massasoit and his Wamponog tribe had the First thanksgiving together and then the Puritans came in with extreme Christian beliefs and disturbed the peace. *What did Americans mean by "civilization"? -Church attending -Farmers (not nomadic) -Traditional Gender Roles -Written Language *Andrew Jackson's connection to Indian Removal President in charge of pushing the Indians out -Refused to enforce Worchester vs Georgia that protected Indians -Emphasized Manifest destiny and what is good “for most Americans” *The Differences of Opinion among Native and White Americans regarding Indian Removal Native Indians wanted to stay on their historic tribal lands, and whites wanted to follow manifest destiny and spread from sea to shining sea. White response was greed based.!3!*The development of slavery When a group would conquer another group during war they would take people as Prisoners of War (POWs) *The differences between slavery in different places/settings Florida: Rice, swampy conditions, the owners left the black people alone most of the time and checked in on them from time to time Jamestown: Tabacco, more white people to look over the blacks on plantation, less harsh Carribean: Sugarcane, very harsh conditions, high death rates, workers had limbs get cut off often *The conditions of slavery Small farm: Brutal under constant watch Large Plantation: Slaves had specialized skills Urban/City: Common jobs were cleaning, care-takers, and chauffeurs *The ways slaves resisted their enslavement. -Plan Escape (Harriet Tubman leader of underground railroad) -Suicide -Singing and Dancing in code -Secret Meetings -Working slowly on purpose -Learn to Read -Read the bible (especially the story of Moses demanding his people be free) *The arguments for and against slavery, including biblical ones.!4! FOR: Big part of the economy, Produces many goods efficiently AGAINST: Cruelty, Violating Bible: Moses and the Isrealites “Free my people” and the selling of Joseph AT END OF STUDY GUIDE *Push/Pull Factors of the antebellum ethnic groups *Criticisms of the antebellum ethnic groups *Unique qualities of the antebellum ethnic groups *Life in America for the antebellum ethnic groups, particularly employment opportunities *Responses to the antebellum ethnic groups *The challenges and opportunities encountered by African Americans in the period after the Civil War Black males now have opportunity to: -Vote -Legally marry -Keep children with them -Travel -Read and Write *The strategies African Americans used to survive and thrive in the period after the Civil War 1. Buffalo soilders: black people that enlisted and fought in the West 2. Move West to be a cowboy 3. Exoduster: Left to go to Kansas and farm!5!*The differences of opinions among leaders in the African American community in the period after the Civil War WEB Dubois: -Born as a free Northerner -1st black PHD from Harvard -Loved Philosophy: encouraged blacks to have voting rights -Believed in Talented tenth: Give top 10% of black people have leadership positions so they can go out and make a difference in the world and bring the rest of the race up with them BOOKER T WASHINGTON: -Born as a slave -President of Tuskegee Institute that provided vocational training for blacks including brick laying, plumbing, etc. -Powerful intermediary between white and black community -“In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.”-Atlanta Compormise Speech saying that segregation is okay as long as it moves the country forward *Strategies used by white supremacists to keep African Americans from gaining status and power Lynching Slavery by another name -Debt Peonage Laws: When black people were freed from slavery most of them had barely any money, so in order to buy land they would borrow from the white southern plantation owners, the interest rate was extremely hard and they would owe their work to the Whites in order to pay off their debt -Vagrancy Laws: If you did not have a home in the area you were in, you could be arrested!6! *What strategies did Native Americans use to respond to the continued encroachment by the US into native territory? Ghost Dance: A spiritual dance where the Indians would get together and call the spirits of ancestors past to help them get power to fight off the White Americans *How was the survival of the buffalo important to the survival of the Plains and Prairie tribes? The buffalo was key to the surivial of the tribes because they used every part of it. They used the meat as food, the hides as warmth and clothing, the skull as a form of worship during prayer ceremonies, and other parts for medicine and tipis. Therefore during the Big Kill when the railroad companies and White Americans encouraged the hunting of Buffalo it impacted the tribes greatly. *What was the impact of the Indian Schools The Indian school motto was “Kill the Indian, Save the Man” They
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