AMH 2097 Final Exam Terms List Costa George Najour- An immigrant from Syria in 1909- The question was: is he qualified to be a citizen? Was he considered white?- The government testified that he wasn’t considered white nor a citizen. - His attorney said yes, and the court agreed. - Syrians worked hard to be seen as white, they had economic success and were Christian. - The law saw them as white, but American’s didn’tSilk - In the 1880’s, the silk trade caused a wave of migration from Lebanon to America- Europeans had industrialized the silk trade, and people had become dependent on it.- They became used to indulging in luxuries and when the price dropped, they had to adjust to a new wayof life- 1/3 of the population in Lebanon left and settled on the East coast of AmericaPeddling- Many Syrians were farmers but most were peddlers- It became identified with Lebanese people- These men went from door to door to sell items- At this time, it was welcomed by homeowners in urban and rural areas as a means of gossiping and learning about current events- In 1908, they established a directory- Eventually they could establish a store due to the success- Their work as peddlers helped them earn full acceptance into societyImmigration Restriction League (documents)- The league was formed in 1894 by people who imposed the influx of undesirable immigrants- Advocates for scientists to establish immigration laws. They should exclude mentally (idiots, imbeciles,feeble minded persons, insane people, learning deficiency), physically, morally, and economically unfit immigrants from coming to the U.S. Discussed how to enforce immigrant restrictions. - Republican national platform favors regulating immigration. They believe that all immigrants are criminals.- Democratic national platform favors the regulation of immigration for known criminals. They don’t likethe Chinese immigrants. They don’t like immigrants that will accept lower pay. They like immigrants from wealthy foreign lands. - Prohibition national platform believes that immigration had become a burden. They favor strict enforcement. - President Harrison believed that they had a duty to restrict immigration. - The citizens believed that America had become a dumping ground for illiterate and criminal immigrants. - Immigrants will be judged on their ability to become American- “Progressive Approach” – they used scientific reasoning to explain why they were anti immigrantEspionage Act - 1917, this prohibited spying, interfering with drafts, and making statements against the military- Formed during WWI - This suppressed socialists who were generally antiwar- Because of this all public meetings and private conversations had to be in English and therefore many German immigrants were persecuted and deportedSedition Act - In 1918, this act made it a crime to speak against the war- More than 2000 people were found guilty- Patriotism meant total agreement with the warRed Scare (World War I)- Radical organizations were attacked and memberships to these organizations ceased- These organizations were associated with communism- Civil Rights activists were coined communists- Many people were blacklisted and shunned from societyEmma Goldman - An immigrant from Russia who resided in New York became involved in radical activism- She advocated birth control, free love, and gay marriage- Her activism against the draft broke the espionage and sedition acts and she was deportedKu Klux Klan- This group first appeared during the reconstruction era- They reappeared in the 1900s- They targeted anyone that wasn’t a true American- By the 1920s they had 3 million members and they were no longer limited to the southGreat Migration - About 6 million Southern African Americans started migrated to the North during WWI- They left due to economic hardships and discrimination- The need for industrial workers during WWI spurred their migration- Later, the fact that most Whites in the North were moving into Suburbs, more moved into the White’s previous homes in urban cities- Poverty became centered around these cities- Public housing projects tried to aid the poverty and became associated with African AmericansJohnson-Reed Act - 1924 National quota system- Limited immigration to 150,000 immigrants per year from Europe- 2% of the total number of people in each country would be allowed into the U.S- This limited immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe- Gave priority to people who had direct relatives in the U.S and to people with special skills- There was no limitation to the Western hemisphereElla May Wiggins- Was thought to be involved in the communist party- She believed in interracial integration- She was a textile worker and a union organizer that went on strike at the Loray Mill- She was murdered in broad daylight by five armed men who turned out to be employees at the mill but none of them were convicted- Pre-1950s civil rights, she was whiteAlfred Smith- The first Catholic to run for president- Ran against Hoover and lost. They had many of the same beliefs but differed in ethnicity.- Born in poverty to an Irish family- Became a spokesman for immigrants- He believed in progressivism- Advocated against prohibition- Denounced the red scare- Many urban voters supported him“The Invisible Scar”- Carolyn Bird termed the fear of the Great Depression this - Everyone became terrified that the effects of the Great Depression would start to impact them- People hoarded items and saved their money- No one trusted banks anymore- See the oral history with Elsa PonselleThe Four Freedoms- Franklin D Roosevelt ran for his fourth term and spoke about the future world order during his addressto congress- This included: (1) freedom of speech (2) freedom of worship (3) freedom of want and (4) freedom of fear- They symbols were recognizable and were on posters everywhere- It was meant to evoke ally war effortPearl Harbor- December 7th, 1941, became a day known for infamy and launched the U.S into WWII - It was the first attack by a foreign country on the U.S since 1812. - It surprised Americans and was the reason we entered the warRosie the Riveter- She became a cultural icon and represented the American women who worked in factories during WWII- Although women took on male jobs during the war they were expected to do their everyday housework once the war ended- She was on pro war ads to target housewives to take jobs in the war industry- She is now a feminist icon
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