RACE & ETHNICITY: EXAM #1TEST DETAILS:Lecture #2:LECTURE #3JANUARY 28th (3rd migration continued)February 4THRACE & ETHNICITY: EXAM #1TEST DETAILS:• 33 multiple choice questions, worth 3 points each - one point for just writing your name!• questions based off of key terms, if we didn't go over that key term then it is not on the test• never have to answer question where the answer will be a date, date will be in the question itselfo EX: in 1831 who led a major slave rebellion and was skinned alive for it? (--> Nat Turner)• nationality : where someone retains citizenship• race : the assumption of innate differences based on real or imagined physical characteristicso cannot determine race, it is external (determined by someone looking at you), determined by other people for you!o race comes from: after the fall of the roman empire, fear of isolation, 1096 pope called crusade to liberate muslims, northern europeans introduced to many different people (africa, india, asia) northern europeans have to find a way to retain superiority over the people that they're meeting - "if you don't look like us, you're not as good as us"o used to justify genocide, war and slaveryo ex: Michael Jackson - could have varying perceptions of what race he iso used for segregation in the U.S. --> one drop rule: one drop of blood (1/32nd of african american) was african american meant you were considered african american. based on genealogy. ex: 1980's, Louisiana, Susan Phipps considered herself white (light skin, married to white man but had black ancestor) but state considered her african american, stated that on all forms of IDo blood was separated by race in the South so that "cross contamination" didn't occuro german POW's were allowed in movie theaters just because they were white --> and african american citizens weren't even allowed in1• ethnicity : the shared categorization of people based on factors like shared cultural values, nationality, language, religion, and gender roleso comes from greek root word "ethos" meaning nation --> nation of people where you come fromo greek culture was adopted by romans, and romans used this word to mean cultured vs. barbaric (skin color didn't matter)o english adopted it to mean christian or non-christiano U.S. developed word to separate the Europeans and give them each identityo finally in 20th century, became known as: shared set of values that you share with other peopleo YOU CAN CHOOSE YOUR ETHNICITY if you are german, english, irish --> you could choose any of these to be your ethnicity. you can be an american citizen yet claim your ethnicity is Irish (nationality can be separate from your ethnicity)• RACIAL HIERARCHYo basically passed down through word of moutho 1795 - Johann Blumenbach decided to put down the hierarchy of the races into a book - he was looking to try to find the perfect race/human that northern Europeans could be compared too created the word "caucasian" because he said northern europeans came directly from these people who lived in the Caucas mountains (who were the most beautiful people ever made) --> and therefore Caucasians were the superior raceo first racial hierarchies were in north & south america --> in spanish colonies the spanish imported slaves (Caribbeans and native americans) to work in mine areas all the races started to mate and have children - viewed as a problem and raised the question...where do they fit in racial hierarchy? charts were created to have referential picture of the hierarchy which depicted various marital scenarios (it was numbered and posted throughout the spanish towns) full blooded spaniard = top, one spaniard + one indian = next spot, kept working down until indian + african = bottom2 chart determined who you had to respect (tip your hat to)• RACIALIZATIONo = the process by which one is placed on this hierarchy. carried out in two ways:• IDEOLOGICAL RACISM: the belief that you are racially better than someone or everyone elseo ideology that considers a group's unchangeable characteristics to be linked in a direct, casual way to psychologically or intellectual characteristics and that, on that basis, distinguishes between superior and inferior groups essentially just the BELIEF that "my race is better than their race"o SCIENTIFIC RACISM: scientists look for ways that races could be subordinate to otherso used by Nazis to prove some people living in germany were not as good as true germans --> led to Holocausto comes from unusual source in the Americas - Thomas Jefferson (was living in era where there was a big boom in science and rationality) wrote book called "Notes on the State of Virginia" which basically said African Americans can only be slaves and Native Americans can be pushed off their lands and it doesn't mattero american scientific racism picked up in 1800's due to slavery, became a movement that africans could do NOTHING abouto SAMUEL (skulls) MORTON : from philedelphia, considered himself to be a scientist, wanted to prove Africans were not as smart as white people so he began sending letters to people all around the world and asked for skulls. he would fill them with sand and whichever skull could hold the most sand was the "smartest" --> came to conclusion white skulls are bigger than every other skull on earth so they are greatest and everyone should be subordinate to themo JOSIAH NOTT : from Mobile, Alabama, began writing in 1840's called the "Types of Mankind", abolitionist movement picking up steam, Nott said "okay samuel morton proved something, but i'm going to work off that and prove that if slaves are released and begin breeding with whites than the children will be abnormal and bestiality will occur. his books went through 9 printings before 1900 and still in print during WWIo scientific racism was put in place to uphold slavery• RACISM = when someone is discriminated because of their race. 2 types:3• INDIVIDUAL RACISM : small group or one individual discriminates against an individual or group of another race• INSTITUTIONAL RACISM : bigger scale, policy of a gov't to discriminate against a certain group. ex: slavery (was legal in constitution), segregation (separate schools, theaters, restaurants, etc)• DOMINANT GROUP = group that sets the laws and determines where other ones are on the racial hierarchy AKA the group that sets the ruleso WASPs --> the dominant group in the U.S., white europeans, stands for
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