RaceCategory of human beings based upon distinctive physical characteristics, such as:Skin colorHair typeFacial featuresRace is ConstructedA little girl usually has something pink—the girl color—epitome of femininitySociety says “if you play football, you must be straight”Society says “if you’re a girl, take a dance class”We are molded by societyHistory of RaceImmanuel Kant (German, 1770s)First to use the term “race” in the modern sense of biological differencesJohann Blumenbach (German, 1795)First to use the term “Caucasian”First to develop a Racial HierarchyThis applies to real lifeEverything is ranked, once separatedRacial HierarchyClassification or stratification of certain groups based on physical characteristicsGroup who makes the Hierarchy is on the topThe more different you are (in terms of physical characteristics) from the top group, the lower you rankLT’s Racial HierarchyReese’s > Snickers > Peanut M&Ms > SkittlesPeanut butter, chocolate, then multicolor, then fruityRacializationDominant white group labels certain groups as Subordinate because of physical characteristicsDominant – majority with the greatest powerSubordinate – singled out and treated unequallyIdeological RacismThe elites of the dominant white group CONSTRUCTED other groups as being inferior in order to segregate and oppressIn the United States:White at the top, black at the bottom“Reese’s at the top, skittles at the bottom”Most oppositeNew groups? i.e. Chinese, Mexican – whites determine where they fit into the hierarchyEthnicityHow is Ethnicity different from Race?Race is what you look likeEthnicity is based primarily on the basis of cultural characteristicsLanguageFoodClothingReligionHistory“Where your family came from” / family originsYou can most definitely have more than one ethnicity (biracial)CultureShared values, understandings, symbols, and practices of a group of peopleStar = Jewish faithCross = ChristianityNationalityThe country of which you hold citizenshipWhere you hold your passportCase StudiesYou were born in Haiti, but moved with your parents to Pompano Beach, FL when you were 3 years old. You speak English and French, but you are a United States Citizen.Nationality: AmericanRace: Black, African-AmericanEthnicity: HaitianPrejudiceHasty judgmentFalse generalizationBecause one belongs to a particular groupStereotypeIs constructedAn overgeneralization associated with a racial or ethnic category that goes beyond existing evidence90lbs PitbullStereotypical owner: a black personReally belongs to LT’s “whiter than shit” brotherIndividual RacismRacially hostile acts of an individual (or group) directed at member(s) of another groupMiss America exampleAmerican-Indian woman wins Miss America, and people react with rude, derogatory comments for her not being the classic CaucasianInstitutional RacismInstitutionalized practices that negatively affect members of a subordinate racial groupInstitution: school, public facility, community pool, etc.DiscriminationActions carried out by members of a dominant group that have a harmful effect on members of the subordinate group“We serve whites only, no Spanish or Mexicans”“We want white tenants in our white community”Daily wage for Italians in the 1900s: $1.50How to Deal with Racism?Accommodate – the group does not resist, accepts their place as a subordinate group“It is what it is”First generation (immigrants)Assimilation – the group conforms, absorbs, or adopts the mainstream cultureThird generationAcculturation – keep ones own culture (mainly in home) but also adapts to new culture when necessary for job, school, survival, etc.Second generationFour Types of MigrationVoluntaryVoluntarily come to the U.S.InvoluntaryThings are so bad in a country that one is pushed out of the countryEssentially escaping calamitiesPre-20th century termForcedAfrican-AmericansRefugeeCubansJewish (WWII)Chinese (escaping communism)Israeli20th century termFour Factors of SuccessWhether you make it or break it in the U.S, factors that make you choose whether to assimilate or notMoneyLocation (where you settle)Numbers5 million Italians come to the US in ~30 yearsGreat numbers create a certain fear1000 Chinese in Tallahassee vs 1000 Chinese in MiamiWe fear the unknownStereotypesPositive or negativeFour Waves of MigrationFormative Wave: 1607-1820Jamestown, VirginiaEnglish-Americans and African-Americans(+ Native Americans)First Wave: 1820-1880American Civil WarIrish and ChineseSecond Wave: 1880-1921Era of immigration, during the progressive area (building of major cities and structures)Influx of Eastern Europeans and JewishName ending in vowelMexicans*Immigration shutdown: 1921-1965Third Wave: 1965-PresentImmigration opens to everyone in the worldWTF is a WASP?White (Race)Anglo-Saxon: origin of the term is from Germanic Tribes (Ethnicity)Protestant (Religion)Specifically Anglican Church (Church of England)The BasicsVoluntary Migrants(Pretty much the only voluntary group we will be covering this semester)Formative Wave: Came as early as 1607, but most came during 1700sDrove Native Americans off their landWestFour major settlements#1. Virginia/ChesapeakeVirginia CompanyJoint-Stock CompanySimilar to student loansThe purpose was economic profit, a show of powerSettled in 1607Mostly young, single menEconomic goals:Obtain raw materialsTobaccoOverseas trading post/marketPowerFirst slaves brought in by 1619 to extract, plant, and monitor the raw materials (such as tobacco)English Americans couldn’t handle the climateIndentured servantsEnglish Americans in debt/criminals/people in the poor house who have signed a contract to serveWhen contract was up, the English Americans were given a piece of landThere were females!Easier to escape than for dark-skinned slavesMen, money, and slaves#2. Massachusetts/New EnglandMassachusetts Bay CompanySettled in 1620For religious freedomNot being persecuted, they’re still voluntary immigrantsPuritansNot Church of EnglandMeant the King and the Church were one and the sameSmall-town with community structure, and family#3. PennsylvaniaQuakersPacifistsPeace-lovingReligiously tolerant; likes everyoneSettled in 1675Society based on work-ethicPull your own weight“You’ll be hurting your relationship with God otherwise”KarmaQuakers are not required to fight in war#4. BackcountryScots-Irish1717-1775Settled in Appalachian Mountain RegionThe only land left, the Virginia Company was too well
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