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Native Americans only information is from artifacts but can t really know much from them religious ceremonies are VERY important most believed in one creator hunting and farming were focal points of religion Made amends to spirits of animals Believe animals had spirits in some tribes select people were able to understand spirits and the spiritual world Medicine men shaman Interpreter for the tribe spirits were everywhere and could act through anything no way to escape religious ideas some animals had supernatural powers very few disease epidemics because of the lack of domesticated animals tuberculosis and syphilis were most common disease came with the Europeans Land Bridge theory Native Americans came by following animals from Asia Primarily hunters until mammoths went extinct Settled and started growing crops Anasazi pueblos by Spanish people and towns groups of lots of tribes 4 corner area Utah Colorado Arizona and New Mexico 3 000 years 1200 s traded with people from far away Build towns in valleys and canyons dispersed because of the many droughts grew corns beans and cotton Hopi and Zuni are descendents 1 Chaco Canyon greatest city religious and trade center placement of this town shows they knew placement of the moon planets and the sun Great North Road main way to reach Chaco Canyon Mississippian culture Wisconsin to Gulf Coast Louisiana Mound builder for religious reasons and to bury dead obsidian Yellow Stone Park shells FL Ohio Mound Valley trading with most of the continent Cahokia Monks Mound Enclosed by large wooden fence Hierarchical society Like caste systems Obvious by people s placement of living in respect to the mound different standard of living Social mobility was possible marrying a leader or performing well in battle No irrigation so had to live near water fought over access to water and land to grow crops still around when European contact more information Eastern Woodlands culture met pilgrims Thanksgiving lots of tribe Atlantic Coast to Michigan to Canada corn beans and squash 3 sisters women trapped hunted and fished men gathered in large groups and dispersed in winter diverse and fought a lot between each other 1400 formed confederation for peace Iroquois 5 different groups representatives from all groups got together to make decisions U S government based on the Iroquois s system First to have contact with the Europeans 1400 s 20 000 people height of population lived in long houses Mohawk Oneida Onondaga Cayuga Seneca and Groups that made up confederation League of Peace representative form of government Planes Tribes Dakota Waterlily Center of the U S nomadic following Buffalo Tools clothes and crafts domesticated dogs and used them to carry things everywhere 1730 Horses were introduced by another tribe called Cheyenne Changed their lives in every way how they hunted distance traveled how they fought wars and notions of masculinity Lakota Dakota Nakota Sioux French name Buffalo hunted by NA disguising themselves before they used horses tipis made out of buffalo hides Sioux 7 different groups lived in Minnesota no fear of scarcity no stockpile 7 council fires men hunted buffalo and other game women tapped maple trees and gathered nuts berries and roots harvested wild rice and corn got pushed west by the Europeans had a migration cycle where they moved to the same places each year 2 hunted for parts of the year and gathered at other times abundant game lived in forests and valleys hunted deer and elk during the winter shared meat with everyone but always claimed the skin for themselves hunt birds deer and elk during the summer where they would move to shore lines Hunted buffalo in large groups Kinship most or all had this in common identity based on social group not individual no sense of themselves always part of the group understood themselves through bond of kinship complex series of relationships Completely organized society some more organized than others Ex Dakota kin groups 50 people Summer up to 500 at the lake shore Property and Accumulation of Money private property European notion land and animals were a common resource tribes constantly fought over land and access to it Some land was assigned to families didn t hoard possessions huge on generosity Anything accumulated was given away leaders were VERY generous characteristic of leadership in the tribes Matrilineal society premarital sex accepted and divorce common ancestors traced through mother matrilineal matrilocal when a couple was married the man would go with the woman s family or tribe women decided who the leaders were Responsible for tribe s culture Owned the land Did everything except hunt HUGE role in society European Contact interaction between Native Americans and Europeans 1492 Columbus Not as simple effect of European contact And response Native Americans resistance and adaptations adaptation from both sides contact worked diff in different parts of U S Ponce de Leon 1513 arrived on Florida Spanish were first to settle Georgia South Carolina South East U S left African slaves as early as 1500 s looking for gold and other raw materials find things to enrich Spain 20 years later Cabeza de Vaca epidemic diseases decimated Indians biggest disease was small pox He pleaded for better treatment from the Indians suspicious banned from U S Native Americans had a variety of reactions to explorers Some fought military battles explorers told to go away curious and interested lived together Cabeza de Vaca raided villages for food talked about Indian customs Mestizos of Spanish and Native indigenous decent Mexico and Southwest U S Spanish went up as far as Oregon in 1500 s Catholic Church played a huge role tried to convert to Catholicism changed marriage traditions shocked by sexuality and transgenders 1600 unidentifiable Mestizo population Native Americans decimated by disease Pure Spanish had slaves Mestizos middle class Native Americans needed to be civilized 3 Our Lady of Guadalupe Mestizo bended Spanish and Native American traditions 1531 Juan Diego saw the Virgin Mary he was Mestizo she was Mestizo and spoke to him in his native language built a church on that mountain local priests accept the sighting vision of the Virgin Mary Systems Encomienda Repartimiento Southwest U S and Mexico Spanish organize labor of NA First part Encomienda slavery Spanish that owned land received workers Native Americans Spanish would instruct them in war language and religion 1542 abolished


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FSU AMH 2097 - Native Americans

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