Key Terms Lecture 1NationalityA persons nationality is where they retain citizenship. Nothing to due with ethnicity and raceRaceCan be defined as the assumption of innate differences based on real or imagined physical characteristics (developed to prove inequality)Social constructionEthnicityThe shared categorization of people based on factors like shared cultural valuesDetermined by nationality, language, religion, and gender rolesEthos translates to nationalityracial hierarchieslisting of races in order of social dominanceracializationyou use ideological/scientific racism to complete a racial hierarchyThomas Jefferson was an early supporterIdeological Racism – An ideology that considers a groups unchangeable physical characteristics to be linked in a direct, causal way to psychological or intellectual characteristics and that, on this basis, distinguishes between superior and inferior groupsJohann BlumenbachConcept of race into writing. 1795 – racial classification with scientific backing. Searching for perfect race (Caucasian)Samuel MortonScientist from PhiladelphiaCorrelation between skull size and brain size (intelligence)Used sand to determine skull volumeWhite skulls held more sandJosiah NottWrote a book “Types of Mankind”From Mobile, AlabamaCross breeding causes terrible problemsStill in print during WWIWASPs – white anglo saxon protestantYou are of English ethnicityDominate group in the USIndividual RacismOne individual carries out an act of violence/racism towards an individual of another raceInstitutional RacismRacism endorsed by the governmentThree Waves of Immigration in American History:Formative Wave, 1607-18201607 – Jamestown was established in Virginiabeginning of English colonization in the US1820 – Halt of English speaking immigrants and new batch of immigrants begin arriving for different reasonsMostly WASPs or similar (99% Protestant)Forced immigration of slaveryFirst Wave Immigration, 1820-18801820 – Problems in IrelandIrish Catholics begin arriving in the USFirst Catholic immigrantsGermans begin arriving1840s Goldrush CaliforniaChinese immigrants attractedSecond Wave of Immigration, 1880-1920Starts because of political/economical turmoil in parts of EuropeSouthern Italians begin arriving in the USJewish immigrants from Russia begin arrivingWASPs go crazy – laws established to stop immigrants from coming to the USThird Wave of Immigration after 1920Cubans, Jews after WWII, Central and South Americans4 Types of Migration:Voluntarychoose to come to the US voluntarilyForcedSlaveryLeave their homeland against their willEconomic/LaborCame for economic reasons or lack of labor in home countryDisplaced PersonsPilgrims, have to leave England with the threat of being thrown in jail for their religious beliefsHave to leave their country because of a political regimePush FactorAnything that pushes someone away from their native countryEx. Religious strife, economic turmoil, slaveryPull factorAnything that draws someone to a country and causes them to immigrateAssimilationSomeone (subordinate group member) gives up their culture, language, heritage and they become like the dominant groupEx southern Italian arrives in the US and gives up Italian language and convert from Catholic to ProtestantHappens quickly – they want to fit in quicklyAcculturationSubordinate group adopts some of the practices of the dominant group but remember their old culture and heritageRetain some of the old vestiges of their home countryEx Native AmericansHappens over several generations – deciding what they want to retain and what they want to adoptPhilosophies of Race and Ethnicity:Anglo- ConformityEveryone become WASPsDidn’t happen – we still celebrate different heritagesEx. OctoberfestMelting- Pot Idealgiven up everything to become a new people under one cultureCultural Pluralism**Everyone has given up something and adopted something of the WASPs but retain something from their heritage (acculturation)The First AmericansBeringia – The Land BridgeGlaciers – ocean600 mile land bridge connecting Alaska and Siberianamed after the Bering SeaHunters and GatherersFollowed game herdsSpecifically – The Clovis HuntersClovis New Mexico – Arrow heads found – main hunting groundAgricultural Revolution 3000BCMexico CityNative Americans began planting cropsSpread very slowly until it reached North America in 200 ADPeople began settling in one place and establishing villages around their cropsSent out hunting partiesAnasaziUsed agriculture to their benefitAnasazi – means old peopleWe don’t know what they called themselvesLived in the 4 corners region of the US (Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New MexicoBuilt their villages into the side of mountains (cliff dwellers)Used irrigation channels – snowfallGrew surplus cropsTrade network to the Mississippi3 main veggies - Corn, Beans, SquashDrought 1200ADCrops FailedBroke up into smaller villages growing smaller crops to support a smaller group of peopleCahokia – Mound BuildersVillage on the banks of Mississippi River40,000 people at its heightPossible due to the river supporting their agricultureExtensive trade networkMound buildersWorshipped a sun godSun god would be more likely to bless them if they were closer to the sun – built moundsBuilt burial mounds for their deadBuried with all of their possessions to have in the afterlifeFriends were killed and buried with them so you wouldn’t be alone in the afterlifeDrought hits 1450ADCahokia abandonedSplit off in every directionIndian Tribes in 1492Iroquois and AlgonquianBiggest Eastern RivalsMost powerful tribes when the Europeans arrive on the East CoastFrench made friends with Algonquians and traded FurFrench gave Algonquians guns to obtain hunting grounds from the IroquoisNative Americans used horses from SpaniardsMost didn’t begin utilizing until the beginning of the 1800sChanged the way the tribes operated – more so than gunsSome gave up agriculture and took up hunting and gathering againHorse allowed native americans to travel farther distances – onto the great American dessert(Kansas – great plains region)Found buffalo herdsThe more horses you owned increased status – symbol of wealthHad to have horses to get married – trade to brides fatherChanged the way Native Americans fightHit and run tacticsIroquoisWhen a tribe member died you kidnapped an Algonquian to replace themAlgonquian did the sameIroquois GumboBelieved that Algonquian had mystical powers in
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