Final Exam Study GuideThe key to this exam is to comprehend these groups by using/studying your notes!!!**Below is the most important part of the study guide**** = Almost definitely a test question (Things Ms. Thompson has told us) - Mexicanso Push factors: In 1850s, Mexicans did not come to America For those who immigrate after 1880:• 1. Leave Mexico because of conditions• 2. Came to US for economic opportunitieso Stereotypes: Race:• Brown-skin pigment = not white• “Mexican Race” constructed as lazy and backwards• Southeast blacks = Southwest Mexicans • “Brown Scare” Inferiority:• Lazyo Siesta Unintelligent Crime-Oriented The “Illegal” Mexicano Discrimination Land:• Whites pushed Mexicans off land• In 1850, 1/3 farm owners and 1/3 skilled workers• In 1900, 2/3 are unskilled labor Wages• So low that whites did not want them• Excluded from white labor unions• Maquiladoras Housing:• Whites barred Mexicans from renting or owning homes in white neighborhoods• Barrios• Formation of gangso Assimilation Resistance:• Chicano political movemento 1960so Movement that fought for political representation and less discrimination against Mexicans Assimilation:• Bilingualism• Move/settle throughout Midwest, South, and Northeast US• Slowly but surely climbing in social status• Higher education- Cubanso Push factors: Cuban Revolutiono Stereotypes: Positive:• Anti-Communist• “Model Latino Group”• Affluence• Political conservative Culture:• Catholic• Santeria (Afro-Cuban religion)• Family• Food Negative:• Drug cartels• Violent• Brown Raceo Discrimination Separateness• Elites excluded from white social clubs and groups Jobs• 48% professionals dropped to 13%• Unskilled from 16% to 32% Language• Names, accents = viewed as Mexicans o Acculturation: Enclave: Little Havana, Miami Keep language, culture, and traditions Community solidarity Family and kinship networks- Puerto Ricanso Push Factors: US annexationo Stereotypes: Take on stereotypes of Mexicanso Discrimination Came over poor from bootstrap and live in segregated neighborhoods, results in:• Crime• Gangs• Drugs• Teen pregnancy• 65% high school graduation rateo Assimilation Early education• English • Ideals of American democracy Migration:• NE cities to South FL Double identity- New Africanso Push Factors: Economic opportunities Higher education Refugeeo These are the only people of African descent living in the US that were NOT a part of the slave tradeo Highest population from: Nigeria Somalia Egypt Ghana- Jamaicanso Learn English quicklyo Employment percent is higher than national averageo Largest group of Afro-Caribbeano Owned by British until 1962o Speak Englisho Largest settlements: NYC South Floridao Culture: Reggae Cuisine• Haitianso Learn English quicklyo Employment percent is higher than national averageo Owned by Franceo Speak Frencho Haitian Revolution 1794o Duvalier dictatorship Late 1970s – 1980so Largest settlements: Little Haiti (Miami) South Floridao Culture: Voodoo- Asians (Far East)o Asian and Asian-Americanso Because Chinese are largest and first, they set the stereotypeso Population: Filipino – 3.7 million Korean – 1.7 million Vietnamese – 1.7 million Japanese – 1.3 million Asian total = 17.3 million or 5.6% of US populationo Demographics: Major population centers:• CA, NY, DC, TX Religious diversity 50% have a 4-year college Income higher the than the national average **Fastest growing population group**- Indianso Come from India = NOT Native Americans Official census term is “Asian Indian” Not Middle-Eastern 3.2 million Settle in major cities• NYC, LA, DCo Highly educated **70% have a Bachelor’s degree** 40% have a MA, PhD, or professionals degreeo Brain Draino **Highest income of all other Asian groups**o Religion: Hinduism is the majority but also Christians, Buddhists, and Islamic Islam religion is where confusion occurso Culture: Food Bollywood• Confused as Middle-Easterners - Arabs (Middle East)o NOT Muslimso Religion: Only 25% of Arab Americans practice Islam **50% practice Christianity**o Migrate to the US Education Religious Freedom Refugeeso Majority come from: **Lebanon (largest)** Syria Iran (Persians) Palestine Iraqo 1.7 milliono Metro areas: Detroit NYC LA DCo Higher education and income 45% have Bachelor’s degree Higher income than national averageo Stereotypes Racial profiling• After 9/11 this group faces the most discrimination Gender Equality• Women thought to be inferior Islamic Religion- Immigration Laws & Naturalizationo Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 Bolshevik Revolution Maximum of 357,000 people per yearo Immigration Act of 1924 “The National Origins Quotas” Only 2% of that nations population already living in the US can come per year• **Based on 1890 census** Overall cap of 150,000 per yearo From 1921 – 1965, the “National Origins Quota” was policy Remember:• Chinese still excluded• Mexicans did not count (with exceptions of 1930s because of Zig-Zag theory)• Groups not herein 1890 will NOT get ino Exemptions from 1924-1965 Professionals College students Ministers Wealthy businessmen Refugees• Chinese• Jews• Cubano Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 (Hart-Cellar Act) Ended the 1924 “National Origins Quotas” 2% of the country of origins current population is allowed per year 170,000 overall cap per yearo Preference is given to immigrants’ skill and familial relationships to US citizenso Allowed new immigrants to come from: Latin America Caribbean Africa Asia India Middle Easto “Third Wave” of immigration: 1965-Today After 9/11 – the INS changes to US citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Under US department of Homeland Security USCIS handles all forms and processing of materials related to immigration and naturalizationo Common Examples: F-1• Student Visa• Temporary resident I-485• Green card• Permanent resident K-3• Spouse VISA I-140• Petition for an alien relativeo Naturalization: Process of becoming a citizen Application is N-400 Eligibility to apply for
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