09 24 2014 AMH Exam 1 Notes Racial Division of Humanity Red Black Yellow o Indians o Non Black o Natives o Islanders o African o Caribbean o Aborigines o Koreans o Chinese o Japanese o Vietnamese White o Anglos British o French o White Iberians o Germans o Scandinavians Dark Whites o Slavs o Italians o European Jews o Irish o Dark Iberians Pseudo Scientific Definitions Inherited unchangeable Biology genes physical characteristics Also character and intellectual traits Define hierarchies based on race to justify many things Leads to ideological racism o Remained popular until the 20th century o Not very scientific nor objective Modern Definition of Race Socially defined not biologically defined Fluid not fixed Still based on physical characteristics and features real imagined Not scientific nor objective Race Modern vs Historical definition Modern Socially developed group based on physical appearance Historical classification based off the language spoken Ethnicity or ethnic group Ethnic fluid Has changed over time Older definition sub races Modern definition ethnic groups are socially defined groups that are separated from others based on cultural or national origin Common ancestry cultural heritage Outward appearance not sole factor Person can change their ethnicity Ethnic groups in general change Social groups with shared history identity geography cultural traits ex food language music religion and customs Nationality Being a citizen of a nation Historically was the hardest to define Now it is the easiest Sometimes synonymous with ethnicity Easiest to change Not exclusionary Mr Miller Idris Elba Race Ethnicity Nationality Examples o White English American United States o Black Ghanaian British Prince Akeem of Zamunda o Black Zamundan Zamundan Movement of people OUT of a country Exiting a country Emigration Immigration Movement of people INTO a country In country Reasons for Migration Voluntary o Adventures o Colonial Movement o Travel Forced Migration o Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Economic o Job Opportunities Displaced Persons o Exiled from country Push and Pull Factors Simplistic flawed but useful Push factors o War o Disease o Economic Hardship o Lack of Land o Oppression o Religious Intolerance Pull Factors o Peace o Economic Opportunity o Availability of Land o Established Communities o Religious Freedom Factors of Immigrant Success in America Money Location Numbers Stereotypes Language Assimilation vs Acculturation Assimilation Acculturation o Letting dominant culture take over o Immigrants absorbed conformity o Melting Pot o Immigrants maintain cultural traits o Adapt to mainstream o Salad Bowl Theory Ethnocentrism o Viewing the world from the perspective of one s own culture o Many groups are ethnocentric o American ethnocentrism Myths About Migration to America Religious Freedom Pilgrims Constitutional Rights Freedoms Tolerance Theories of Migration Ellis Island Paradigm o AKA Immigrant Assimilation Model o Traditionalist and celebratory o Symbols Statue of Liberty Ellis Island o Focuses on Europeans Old 1790s 1850s English and Northern Europeans New 1880s 1924 Southern and Eastern Europeans o One way migration o Immigrants to assimilate over time absorbed into English American norm o Treats English as native not as immigrants themselves o Eurocentric o Ignores Africans Hispanics Latinos Native Americans Asians Transnational Diasporic Model Diaspora o All emigrants from one country Not a one way migration Maintain connections to homeland Examples o Italians Panethnic Racial Formation Model Immigration to American is only a small part of the picture English didn t only go to America Went to other countries as well Distinct ethnic groups come together to form larger cross ethnicity identities Focuses on migrants in new country less on old country Does not diminish ethnicity it transforms it Doesn t assume Anglo Conformity Push Pull Model Certain factors encourage migrants to leave home country Others entice them to a new country Simplistic Mainly based on global economy Very useful Ancient America Not prehistoric but ancient Use archeology to learn about ancient America Some assumptions about pre contact Americas o More primitive then European societies Assumptions and Stereotypes Primitive either way Ecological Indian at one with the nature Noble savages they are simple live in the woods etc Blood thirty savages Monk s Mound Cahokia Largest mound in Mississippian culture Societies that built these mounds are NOT primitive Complex social structures and societies Bering Land Bridge Theory Relies on climate change Corridor opens between Asia and North America NOT one Ice Ages more glaciers sea levels go down directional Many generations of people came over Many migrations Evidence o Genetics o Core samples o Early technology Occurred between 10 000 40 000 years ago Why o Prey pull factor Overseas Migration People came to the Americas over the Pacific Little evidence Rapi Nui Easter Island Hawaii Coastal Migration Similar to Land Bridge Theory Hugged coast in seafaring ships Alaskan and Siberian Natives Regardless when the land was open people walked If not they went We still consider Native Americans to be the first and native people of by sea America Paleo Indians Up to 8000 BC Small bands of people Nomadic Hunted large game Archaic About 8 000 BC to 700 BC Regional diversification Wider variety of food Small nomadic bands of people Some sedentary groups Some nascent toward end of the period o Agriculture o Pottery o Hunting tools Plains Hunters Overlap Paleo Indians up to 1800s Used horses Nomadic Complex hunts social organization Buffalo jumps Southwestern Farmers Agricultural revolution o Corn begins in Mexico and makes its way to America Corn population booms more permanent settlement expansion of cultures Corn became a trade item Pacific Coastal 1000 BC AD 1700 California Seasonally nomadic hunt and gather fish Agriculture tobacco About 300 000 people in diverse stratified cultures Pacific Northwest o More focused on marine life o More sedentary Eastern Woodland Pennsylvania and New England 1000 BC AD 1600 Expanding Agriculture o Sedentary lifestyles Mounds o Bury important leaders when they die Traded exotic items over long distances Formed some hierarchical societies largely egalitarian Lasted through European contact Mississippian Built huge mound Named after Mississippi Valley Formed between 700 900 Chiefdoms Hierarchical and stratified Centralized power o Chief
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