Test Review Native Americans Extinction of Pleistocene megafauna 1 Climate changes happens very slowly Continental draft Overgrowth of plants putting carbon dioxide in the air 2 Disease 3 Native Americans kill them New technology clovis point Because the Native Americans have never seen the animals before they kill them and because the animals have never seen the Native Americans before they don t know they are in harm or to run away Humans are built to run long distances which make them efficient predators This allows them to overhunt the megafauna and exterminate the animals using their new technology and strategies Humans change the environment Agricultural Revolution Effects 1 people stay in same place permanent settlements 2 population growth 3 social stratification chief religious leader warriors etc 4 diversity 5 trade networks with other tribes Evolution of cultural groups Mound Builders pre agricultural with large trade networks first mound building culture occupy lands all over from 1500BC to 400AD Mississippian Culture put buildings on mounds development of politics and religion hunted with bow and arrow produced corn beans and squash development of large scale political units nomadic people Iroquois government and other characteristics 5 nations c 1650 Extremely powerful population together Permanent villages with matrilineal families derive kinship from mother Their political structure unifies the tribes Two houses 1 Grand Council o they handle any dispute foreign policy matter o 50 chiefs chosen by the women o Divided into younger and elder brothers 2 Fire keepers o If older and younger brothers cannot come to a decision the fire keepers have the final word and all must follow this decision ideas of democracy are already flourishing in America when English arrive Characteristics of Native Americans 1 Native Americans are all diverse 2 Mobile with large trade routes and contact with other tribes 3 Adaptable and alter the environment around them 4 Decentralized leadership except for Iroquois o Chief was whoever people followed and it changed often Columbian Exchange Effects Transmission Differences between Native Americans Europeans Private Property European society is based off this but Native Americans have no concept applied to land No one can own it to them Native Americas everything has spiritual value and a father spirit They give thanks to Europeans have god in their religion View nature as something you can use to build Europeans have a clear leader Native Americans hard to find leader it changes often with whoever the tribe follows Native Americans limited conflicts over territory or for revenge Europeans large scale and massive Goal is to conquer Cultural differences causes them to misunderstand each other greatly creating a fundamental gap with a lot of conflict During the Revolution and Post Revolution King set proclamation line in 1763 and won t let colonies move and further west because of this many Native Americans sided with the British After the revolution those who sided with the British were killed o The US expands west which causes conflicts with the Native American s o There was a push for assimilation either you become American or you again die Religion nature on Politics War o Gender division of labor Government policies of Washington Jefferson Policies of Jackson Indian Removal Act of 1830 Takes a bunch of tribes east of the Mississippi River and moved them to Oklahoma away from their homes and the way of life they were used to Sets precedent that will be followed until 1920 becomes Indian policy Post Civil War conflicts Europeans want to expand West causing Indian Wars from 1860 1890 Dawes Act 1887 1 Takes reservations and divides it into individual lots of land o Excess land is sold to white settlers 2 Eliminates communal ideas of land ownership and instill private property 3 Assimilation and Americanization of Native Americans through o Destruction of reservations o Distribution of land as private properties o Federal government opens operates schools Western clothes Christian religion etc creates generation of educated activists Goal taking reservations and opening it up to white settlers Native Americans become minorities in their own reservations Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 Reverses Dawes Act Tries to save native cultures ends process of assimilation Stops dismantling of land Encourages self government creates tribal council not all tribes go along with the act 174 do 74 don t WWII Code Talkers Codes were important to hide secrets during the war The German code was broken before we entered the war and the Japanese shortly after entering The United States code was never broken because of the extremely unique and complex language used Navahos created American code through a combination of their multiple cultures communication slang and codes Termination and Relocation Policies Post WWII abandon New Deal for Indians Termination plan to end reservations Relocation relocate Native Americans into urban jobs 12 000 sent to work in cities 1 million bought by land spectulators these plans did not work and were removed 1960s Activism Influenced by the New Left Civil Rights Movement National Indian Youth Council formation Native Americans watched African American revolts and mimicked them o Example Red Power movement 1965 Squatters at Alcatraz prison because it is a holy ground that was taken away 1972 March on Washington known as Trail of Broken Treaties Activists took over the Indian Affairs Building as a petition for rights Native Americans and Casinos During 1970 80 s legislation begins giving back some lands to the Native Americans Tribes begin suing federal governments based on historic land claims and treaties o Indian Gaming Reservation Act allows Native Americans to build casinos on their land results in crime poverty and alcoholism in the Native American culture has a very uneven affect because not all tribes can have prosperous casinos depending on their location Example Miami vs North Dakota Tribe casinos African Americans Slave Trade Old world vs New World Slave Trade Old World Roots Our country was not racist in beginning ideas about race formed during the Atlantic slave trade Impermanent and informal you could be a slave and rise out of slavery into society or marry out of slavery Slavery was on a small scale Exists through out history every ancient civilization had it and in some places it still exists today Islamic sugar
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