Race and Ethnicity Exam 3 Extensive Review Los Latinos Terminology Constructed category for the immigrants coming from the Caribbean and central and south America Hispanic o Roman name for Spain o US government term for those of Spanish Heritage o Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban Dominican and central South America Latino o Preferred o Spanish heritage African Native American Racial Hierarchy Top Spanish colonies Middle Mestizos mixed people o Those who have Spanish blood combined with African and or native blood Bottom Natives African slaves History 1821 Mexico wins independence from Spain 1830s Americans push into Mexico and encroach on their land they are doing this because they want slavery to expand and make slave states larger Annexation of Texas 1845 Leaves Mexico becomes Texas Not a US state yet just a territory o American slaveholders and expansionist o Territorial Aggression o Blamed it on the Mexicans Mexican War 1845 1848 o Ends with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Americans took Mexican s land sometimes illegally Migration The US Acquisition of the Southwest o In 1850s Mexicans did not come to America Mexicans did not move they just became American s over night For those who immigrate after 1880 with Italians and Jews o Left Mexico because of conditions o Came to the US for the economic opportunities Mexican migration is unique and diverse o They practice many forms of migration Family Return Chain etc The Mexican Experience o Contingent dependent on US business cycle 1 Why did they want to leave Mexico Porfirio Diaz o President of Mexico o 1876 1911 o Ruled with an Irion Fist If your not with us then you are against us Rurales o Diaz army that kept order in the countryside Rural o Use violence and force 2 Why did they come to the US Labor o Chinese excluded o Globalized Capitalism Mexicans become new source of dirty work US employers go beyond US labor poor for low wage workers outsourcing sweatshops Set up business on the boarder and recruit Mexicans So they come over just for work but are not actually US citizens Businesses on the boarder bring them over just for the day then sent them back o Exempt from 1924 Immigration Act no Chinese but they could come Wanted for low wage agriculture Mexican Zig Zag Theory Fake Term 1920s o Mexicans are wanted o Cheap labor 1930s The great depression o Boarder Patrol of INS created o Exclusion and deportation of illegals 1940s WWII Men join army and the Navy and go over seas Women start working o Bracero program seasonal farm workers on contract to work in US o 5 million Mexicans are brought in to farm Since 1965 Migration Official Visa o Only 20 000 per year Commuters o Live in Mexico but work in the US o Men and Women Boarder Crossers o Short term work permits Undocumented or illegals o The backbone of McDonalds Burger King Wendy s Taco Bell and clothing electronics and shoe manufacturing Stereotypes Race Brown skin Pigment Not white Mexican Race constructed as lazy and backwards Majority of nonwhites in southeast blacks Majority in southwest Mexicans Inferiority cultural brown scare characterized as filthy greasy Lazy Siesta nap in the middle of the day Unintelligent tests written in English Crime Oriented Compadres friends in a group The illegal Mexicans Labor cycle brought over for work then kicked out media Discrimination Land Whites pushed Mexicans off land Either leave and go back to Mexico or work for them In 1850 1 3 farm owners and 1 3 skilled workers 66 In 1900 2 3 unskilled laborers Labor Wages So low that whites did not want the Mexicans jobs Excluded from white labor unions Maquiladoras Labor intensive manufacturing plants on Mexican boarder for hiring low wage workers hire both citezens and not citizens to work and make goods for the US replaces broacera neighborhoods Housing Whites barred Mexicans from renting or owning homes in white neighborhoods urban areas Barrios Segregated Mexican American neighborhoods in Formation of Gangs caused by discrimination Resistance Chicano Political Movement 1960s movement that fought great political representation and less discrimination against Mexicans Americans Unions Werent allowed to jin labor unions so started their own United Farm Workers UFW Work for equal pay Cesar Chavez Nonviolent protest and hunger strikes leader of UFW Assimilation 1 Bilingualism Speak Spanish and English 2 Move settle throughout Midwest South and Northeast United States 3 slowly but surely climbing in social status Slow because of higher education Mexican Americans Today 31 8 million 2010 census 10 8 of pop 30 of pop in CA and TX 23 poverty rate Cinco De Mayo CUBANS Push factors Cuban Revolution Stereotypes Positive Model Latino Group Anti Communist Affluence Political conservative Culture Catholic Santeria Afro Cuban religion Family Food Negative Drug cartels Violent Brown Race Discrimination Separateness Elites excluded from white social clubs and groups 48 professionals dropped to 13 Unskilled from 16 to 32 Language Names accents viewed as Mexicans Jobs Acculturation Enclave Little Havana Miami Keep language culture and traditions Community solidarity Family and kinship networks o Puerto Ricans o Push Factors US annexation Stereotypes Discrimination Take on stereotypes of Mexicans Came over poor from bootstrap and live in segregated neighborhoods results in Crime Gangs Drugs Teen pregnancy Assimilation Early education English 65 high school graduation rate Ideals of American democracy o Migration o NE cities to South FL o Double identity Immigration Restriction Act 1921 Bolshevik Revolution Maximum of 357 000 per year Immigration act of 1924 Known as the National Origins Quotas To determine how many people from a particular country can come o Only 2 of that nation s population ALREADY living in the US o That is based on the 1890 census 2 living in US in 1890 o Overall cap of 150 000 per year From 1924 1965 the National Origins Quota was the policy in Remember Chinese still excluded Mexicans did not count with exception of 1930s because the Zip Zag Theory Groups not here in 1890 aint getting in Exemptions from 1924 1965 Professors College Students Ministers Wealthy Businessmen Refugees o Chinese o Jews Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 Know as the Hart Cellar Act Ended in 1924 National Origins Quotas Instead 2 of the country of origin s population is allowed in per year 170 000 overall cap per year The Basics Preference given to immigrants skill and familial relationships to US citizens
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